Article
Immunology
Francesca Micoli, Renzo Alfini, Roberta Di Benedetto, Francesca Necchi, Fabiola Schiavo, Francesca Mancini, Martina Carducci, Davide Oldrini, Olimpia Pitirollo, Gianmarco Gasperini, Cristiana Balocchi, Nicoletta Bechi, Brunella Brunelli, Diego Piccioli, Roberto Adamo
Summary: Nanoparticle systems are being explored for carbohydrate antigen display, with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) receiving great attention. The impact of saccharide length, density, and attachment site on the immune response elicited by GMMA was investigated. Results suggest that the immune response of GMMA as a carrier for polysaccharides is not heavily influenced by the number of saccharides per particle, but lower saccharide loading can preserve immunogenicity better.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Yosef Daniel Huberman, Melanie Caballero-Garcia, Rober Rojas, Silvia Ascanio, Leandro Hipolito Olmos, Rosana Malena, Jorgelina Lomonaco, Paula Nievas, Paula Chero, Julio Levano-Gracia, Alfredo Mendoza-Espinoza
Summary: Poultry infections by Salmonella cause significant economic losses worldwide. Poultry serves as a common reservoir of Salmonella, posing a risk to humans through the food chain. Vaccination of layers plays an important role in preventing Salmonella infections.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Yue Han, Ping Luo, Huan Zeng, Pu Wang, Jiali Xu, Pengju Chen, Xindan Chen, Yuji Chen, Qiyu Cao, Ruidong Zhai, Jing Xia, Simin Deng, Anchun Cheng, Changyong Cheng, Houhui Song
Summary: This study assessed the effect of O-antigen (OAg) length on Salmonella Typhimurium and found that it affects bacterial colonization, cell membrane permeability, antimicrobial activity, and immunogenicity. Shortening the OAg length by altering wzz(ST) can improve the production of antibodies and immune protection. Therefore, regulating OAg length has the potential to optimize polysaccharide vaccines.
VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Ahmad Mohammadi, Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani, Nouroz DelireZh, Abdolghaffar Ownagh
Summary: The combination of alum and metoclopramide as an adjuvant effectively enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses to the HKST vaccine. This resulted in increased lymphocyte proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and antibody titer, leading to improved protection against Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, the use of alum and metoclopramide together showed synergistic effects in boosting immunity after HKST vaccine immunization.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Jungheun Hyun, Soyeong Jun, Hyeonseob Lim, Hyunjun Cho, Sung-Hwan You, Sang-Jun Ha, Jung-Joon Min, Duhee Bang
Summary: The study demonstrates that engineered Salmonella can serve as a carrier for neoantigen immunotherapy, showing promising efficacy in treating cancer in mice experiments.
ACS SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Laurent Chorro, Zhenghui Li, Ling Chu, Suddham Singh, Jianxin Gu, Jin-hwan Kim, Kaushik Dutta, Rosalind Pan, Srinivas Kodali, Duston Ndreu, Axay Patel, Julio C. Hawkins, Chris Ponce, Natalie Silmon de Monerri, David Keeney, Arthur Illenberger, C. Hal Jones, Lubomira Andrew, Jason Lotvin, A. Krishna Prasad, Isis Kanevsky, Kathrin U. Jansen, Annaliesa S. Anderson, Robert G. K. Donald
Summary: Multivalent O-antigen polysaccharide glycoconjugate vaccines are important in preventing invasive infections caused by pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. The use of high-molecular-mass O25b long-chain lattice conjugates has been shown to improve immunogenicity and protect animals from lethal challenges. Moreover, constructing long-chain lattice conjugates with two chemistries can elicit robust immune responses in monkeys.
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Priyanka Bose, Anand K. Agrahari, Rajan Singh, Mala Singh, Sunil Kumar, Rakesh K. Singh, Vinod K. Tiwari
Summary: A click-inspired piperazine glycoconjugate was developed to synthesize water-soluble and biocompatible motifs. This study focused on designing and synthesizing versatile sugar-appended triazoles using "Click Chemistry", and evaluated their pharmacological properties on cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cytotoxicity on cancer cells through in silico and in vitro approaches, respectively. The galactose- and mannose-derived piperazine conjugates were identified as promising motifs. The galactosyl bis-triazolyl piperazine analogue 10b was found to be the most interactive with CDKs and showed significant anticancer activity.
CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Roberta Di Benedetto, Francesca Mancini, Valentina Caradonna, Maria Grazia Aruta, Carlo Giannelli, Omar Rossi, Francesca Micoli
Summary: Shigellosis is a common bacterial cause of diarrhea in children under 5 years old in low- and middle-income countries, and there has been an increase in Shigella cases with antimicrobial resistance. This study compares a 4-component GMMA vaccine candidate to a traditional glycoconjugate formulation for their ability to induce functional antibodies in mice and rabbits. The results show that GMMA induce higher antibody levels and stronger bactericidal activity against various Shigella serotypes, suggesting their potential as a vaccine candidate.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jun Liao, Bo Pan, Xiaobin Zhuo, Guochao Liao, Yun Gao, Zhenzhen Yao, Lianghua Wang, Qiuye Wu, Weihua Pan, Binghua Jiao, Qingjie Zhao
Summary: Phosphorylated di-, tri- and tetra-saccharides of beta-1,2-mannan antigen derived from Candida albicans cell wall were synthesized and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin and human serum albumin. The beta-1,2-mannoside-KLH conjugates showed strong immunogenicity, with beta-1,2-mannotriose exhibiting the highest potential as an antifungal vaccine candidate.
CHINESE CHEMICAL LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Gianmarco Gasperini, Maria Michelina Raso, Vanessa Arato, Maria Grazia Aruta, Paola Cescutti, Francesca Necchi, Francesca Micoli
Summary: The GMMA technology has been proposed as an alternative approach to traditional glycoconjugate vaccines for O-antigen delivery, and the study showed that O-antigen length is not a critical parameter for GMMA immunogenicity. This research contributes to identifying critical quality attributes for optimizing GMMA vaccine design and improving vaccine efficacy, as well as gaining insights into the nature of the immune response induced by GMMA.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Huizhen Tian, Biaoxian Li, Tian Xu, Haolin Yu, Jingxuan Chen, Haiyan Yu, Shan Li, Lingbing Zeng, Xiaotian Huang, Qiong Liu
Summary: Shigellosis, caused by Shigella, poses a serious threat to health in many developing countries. Despite efforts to develop a vaccine, none has been proven effective. A new strategy combining the synthesis of Shigella O-antigen in Salmonella and using it as an antigen delivery platform shows promise for vaccine development against Shigella infection.
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Bogyo Jung, Soyeon Park, Eunsuk Kim, Hyunjin Yoon, Tae-Wook Hahn
Summary: Vaccination with the S. Typhimurium ΔphoBR mutant strain can enhance immunity in chickens and reduce infection. This vaccine can stimulate the production of antibody responses and promote T helper 1-mediated cellular immunity.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Oncology
Laura Liebscher, Christine Weissenborn, Stefanie Langwisch, Bjoern-Oliver Gohlke, Robert Preissner, Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Nina Christiansen, Holger Christiansen, Ana Claudia Zenclussen, Stefan Fest
Summary: Gal-1 negatively regulates CD8+ T cells in NB, while vaccination with DNA plasmids encoding Gal-1 epitopes enhances immunity and effectively suppresses NB tumor growth.
Article
Cell Biology
Elli Mylona, Julia Sanchez-Garrido, Trang Nguyen Hoang Thu, Sabina Dongol, Abhilasha Karkey, Stephen Baker, Avinash R. Shenoy, Gad Frankel
Summary: The study investigated the impact of Salmonella Paratyphi A on human macrophages, revealing that it induces a specific form of cell death through activation of multiple caspases. Furthermore, the very long O-antigen chains produced by SPtA interfere with bacterial interactions with epithelial cells and inhibit inflammasome-mediated macrophage cell death. The differential expression of FepE in SPtA and Salmonella Typhimurium leads to serovar-specific inflammasome modulation, suggesting distinct virulence mechanisms between the two strains.
CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Song Bai, Hang Gao, Lin-Tong-Qing Tan, Lulu Yao, Xin Meng, Yongzhong Zhang
Summary: In this study, a novel conjugate vaccine Tn-BSA-CTS with chitotriose as built-in adjuvant was synthesized, and the effect of adjuvant chitotriose was evaluated. The immunological evaluations showed that Tn-BSA-CTS could stimulate the highest titers of IgG antibodies (102,400) and significantly enhance both humoral and cellular immunity. These results demonstrate the potential of CTS as a novel vaccine adjuvant and suggest that the covalent linkage of tumor vaccine to CTS could be an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy against cancer.
CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nick Scott, Allan Saul, Tim Spelman, Mark Stoove, Alisa Pedrana, Alexander Saeri, Emily Grundy, Liam Smith, Michael Toole, Chandini Raina McIntyre, Brendan S. Crabb, Margaret Hellard
Summary: A study in Melbourne, Australia found that the mandatory mask policy led to a significant decline in new COVID-19 cases and a substantial increase in public mask usage during the resurgence of the epidemic. This indicates that masks play a crucial role in controlling epidemics in the broader community.
Article
Microbiology
Francesca Necchi, Giuseppe Stefanetti, Renzo Alfini, Elena Palmieri, Martina Carducci, Roberta Di Benedetto, Fabiola Schiavo, Maria Grazia Aruta, Fabiola Giusti, Ilaria Ferlenghi, Yun Shan Goh, Simona Rondini, Francesca Micoli
Summary: This study investigated the immune response differences in heterologous expression of Neisseria meningitidis factor H binding protein (fHbp) in the lumen of Salmonella Typhimurium GMMA. The results showed that formulating fHbp in O-antigen negative GMMA on Alum induced a weak anti-fHbp IgG response in mice. However, chemically conjugating fHbp on the surface of GMMA resulted in a stronger functional response.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Di Benedetto Di Benedetto, Renzo Alfini, Martina Carducci, Maria Grazia Aruta, Luisa Lanzilao, Alessandra Acquaviva, Elena Palmieri, Carlo Giannelli, Francesca Necchi, Allan Saul, Francesca Micoli
Summary: Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) offer a promising platform for vaccine development by carrying heterologous antigens and utilizing chemical conjugation for efficient linkage. The use of Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) as carriers for antigens shows potential for the design of effective vaccines. The conjugation of antigens to GMMA through two different chemistries can induce strong humoral responses and allow for control over the linkage of multiple antigens on the same particle.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Editorial Material
Immunology
Calman A. MacLennan, Kawsar R. Talaat, Robert W. Kaminski, Dani Cohen, Mark S. Riddle, Birgitte K. Giersing
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Matthew K. Siggins, Calman A. MacLennan
Summary: The study demonstrated that incubating human sera with Salmonella preparations can remove pre-existing Salmonella-specific antibodies without affecting serum complement activity. Adsorbed serum, after reconstitution with exogenous specific antibodies, showed bactericidal activity against Salmonella and can be used as a source of human complement for measuring bactericidal activity of Salmonella antibodies.
Review
Immunology
Giuseppe Stefanetti, Francesco Borriello, Barbara Richichi, Ivan Zanoni, Luigi Lay
Summary: Carbohydrates play a critical role in immunobiological processes and can be used as antigens or adjuvants in vaccines. However, adjuvants have shown limited ability to improve immune response to carbohydrate-based vaccines in humans. Aluminum salts remain the only authorized adjuvant for carbohydrate-based vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Patricia B. Pavlinac, Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade, James A. Platts-Mills, Karen L. Kotloff, Carolyn Deal, Birgitte K. Giersing, Richard A. Isbrucker, Gagandeep Kang, Lyou-Fu Ma, Calman A. MacLennan, Peter Patriarca, Duncan Steele, Kirsten S. Vannice
Summary: This article discusses the trial design for Shigella vaccines to meet the regulatory requirements and prevent moderate or severe Shigella infections caused by the strains included in the vaccine. The primary endpoint of the vaccine trials is to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine against the first episode of acute moderate or severe diarrhea.
Article
Microbiology
Sandra Van Puyvelde, Gianmarco Gasperini, Michael Biggel, Marie-France Phoba, Maria Michelina Raso, Tessa de Block, Leen N. Vanheer, Stijn Deborggraeve, Olivier Vandenberg, Nicholas Thomson, Neil Ravenscroft, Calman A. Maclennan, Barbara Bellich, Paola Cescutti, Gordon Dougan, Jan Jacobs, Octavie Lunguya, Francesca Micoli
Summary: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major cause of invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa, with high levels of antimicrobial resistance. The presence of isolates without the O:5 antigen in recent clinical samples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo suggests the need to consider this antigen variation in vaccine development. This study provides genomic and chemical characterization of the O-antigen features and highlights the evolutionary pressure towards O-antigen variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giuseppe Stefanetti, Dennis L. Kasper
Summary: Vaccination can lead to different immune responses among individuals and populations, and the gut microbiota may play a role in modulating these responses. However, the specific impact of the microbiota on vaccine responsiveness is still unclear, and further research using sophisticated methodologies is needed.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Dani Cohen, Shai Ashkenazi, Rachel Schneerson, Nahid Farzam, Anya Bialik, Shiri Meron-Sudai, Valeria Asato, Sophy Goren, Tomer Ziv Baran, Khitam Muhsen, Peter B. Gilbert, Calman A. MacLennan
Summary: This study examined the protective effect of Shigella vaccines and found that a certain level of serum IgG against Shigella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can predict the degree of protection.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giuseppe Stefanetti, Calman Alexander MacLennan, Francesca Micoli
Summary: Glycoconjugate vaccines, which link a carbohydrate antigen to a carrier protein, have been crucial in reducing and controlling bacterial infections. The length of the glycan chain affects the efficacy of these vaccines, and various methods have been used to measure the size of polysaccharide antigens.
Article
Virology
Chiara Orlandi, Giuseppe Stefanetti, Simone Barocci, Gloria Buffi, Aurora Diotallevi, Ettore Rocchi, Marcello Ceccarelli, Sara Peluso, Daniela Vandini, Eugenio Carlotti, Mauro Magnani, Luca Galluzzi, Anna Casabianca
Summary: The humoral response after vaccination was compared in individuals who received different COVID-19 vaccine schedules. Heterologous vaccination induced a stronger immune response than the two homologous vaccinations. The ChAd/BNT vaccine schedule exhibited the longest time of anti-S IgG negativization and slow decay of the titer over time. Factors such as vaccine schedule and BMI had a significant impact on the immune response.
Article
Immunology
Calman A. MacLennan, Jeffrey Stanaway, Stephanie Grow, Kirsten Vannice, A. Duncan Steele
Summary: There is a range of licensed and WHO-prequalified typhoid conjugate vaccines available, but they only address a fraction of the global burden of Salmonella disease. Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease is more common in Africa, while paratyphoid A is a significant cause of enteric fever in Asia. The article explores the need for combination Salmonella vaccines and discusses the potential of a quadrivalent vaccine to provide comprehensive coverage.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Francesca Micoli, Giuseppe Stefanetti, Calman A. MacLennan
Summary: Vaccines play a crucial role in reducing infectious diseases, and recent developments in pneumococcal and meningococcal conjugate vaccines emphasize the continued importance of research on glycoconjugate vaccines. Innovative methods like bioconjugation, OMV, and MAPS have been developed to produce carbohydrate-based vaccines. Variables in vaccine design, such as saccharide chain length and conjugation chemistry, carrier protein, and saccharide to protein ratio, can impact immune responses. Understanding the effects of these parameters is essential for designing improved glycoconjugate vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Supriya Kumar, Raj Shankar Ghosh, Harish Iyer, Arindam Ray, Kirsten Vannice, Calman MacLennan, Tanya Shewchuk, Duncan Steele
Summary: The article presents findings from two years of surveillance in India on enteric fever, highlighting the high disease burden and cost of illness. With no universal healthcare coverage in India, patients bear the cost of treatment. Typhoid conjugate vaccines produced by Indian manufacturers offer an immediate solution to this public health problem.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)