Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jose Paulino Peris Sastre, Usman Saleem, Erik Prasetyo, Sulalit Bandyopadhyay
Summary: The massive growth of electric vehicle sales has led to increased demand for certain elements in lithium-ion battery production. To sustain the supply and contribute to circularity, battery recycling is justified. This study proposes a co-precipitation method to recover Li, Ni, Mn, and Co from different leachates, simulating various battery chemistries. The results show that >95% Ni, >83% Co, and >42% Mn can be precipitated from the leachate, indicating the potential of this process for recycling.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Yafei Shen
Summary: The recycling of electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) focuses on the recovery of transition metals for the production of new batteries or catalysts. Hydrometallurgical processes are more commonly used than pyrometallurgical processes for the recovery of transition metal oxides, which have a significant impact on catalysis applications. Additionally, the synthesis of transition metal based compounds should be developed to enhance their photo-electro-catalytic activities.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lingyu Kong, Zhaowen Wang, Zhongning Shi, Xianwei Hu, Aimin Liu, Wenju Tao, Benping Wang, Qian Wang
Summary: Salvaging valuable metals from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries is a promising strategy for green and sustainable development. The use of methanol as a reducing agent for the acid leaching of cathode materials allows efficient extraction of cobalt and lithium. The leaching process is diffusion-controlled, and methanol is transformed into formic acid to enhance leaching.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yu Wang, Zhiqiang Xu, Meijie Sun, Yanan Tu, Xusheng Duan
Summary: In this paper, a potential method for the closed-loop recovery and regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries is developed, which successfully removes metal impurities from the batteries and synthesizes layered oxide LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 materials.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Fanyun Su, Xiangyang Zhou, Xiaojian Liu, Juan Yang, Jingjing Tang, Wan Yang, Zhenxiao Li, Hui Wang, Yayun Ma, Yaguang Zhang
Summary: A hydrometallurgical process assisted with waste areca powder was proposed for the recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries cathode. The study found that under optimal experimental conditions, nearly 99.9% of Ni, Co, Mn, and Li can be leached. The waste residue obtained from the experiment was investigated for toxicity and carbonized and roasted to obtain anode material with good recycling and rate performance.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Montajar Sarkar, Rumana Hossain, Veena Sahajwalla
Summary: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in power storage systems for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Recycling and resynthesis of electrode materials from spent LIBs can be more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable than using virgin materials. This review article summarizes recent research on recycling and resynthesis of electroactive materials from spent LIBs, as well as alternative waste sources. The importance, environmental impact, and economic viability of spent LIBs recycling are also discussed. The review highlights state-of-the-art recycling technologies and provides valuable insights for designing new and efficient recycling strategies for sustainable development of Li-ion batteries.
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shunsuke Kuzuhara, Mina Ota, Ryo Kasuya
Summary: The study aims to recover PGMs from waste materials using Li salts, where Pt leaching is achieved with Li2CO3, and Rh and Pd leaching with HCl. The leaching rates of PGMs do not significantly change even when using LiF as the Li salt model. Furthermore, fluorine can be immobilized as MgF2 in the presence of cordierite during calcination.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rui Gong, Chenchen Li, Qi Meng, Peng Dong, Yingjie Zhang, Bao Zhang, Jin Yan, Yong Li
Summary: A sustainable closed-loop method for recovering waste lithium iron phosphate batteries is developed. Li+ is selectively leached from cathode materials and used to synthesize LiFePO4 materials. The regenerated LiFePO4 materials show good electrochemical properties.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Guorui Qu, Jiaqi Yang, Hao Wang, Yuxuan Ran, Bo Li, Yonggang Wei
Summary: The high-temperature smelting process based on pyrometallurgy is influential in the industrial scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This study systematically discusses the applicability of the reduction smelting process to different cathode materials. The results show that the reduction smelting process can effectively recover and transfer target elements from the four different cathode materials of spent LIBs.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ersha Fan, Jiao Lin, Xiaodong Zhang, Renjie Chen, Feng Wu, Li Li
Summary: A practical solution is proposed to recover and increase the stability of the layered structure in spent lithium-ion batteries through high-temperature supplementation and metal ion doping. The regenerated products exhibit better electrochemical performance with high capacity and capacity retention.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Keyru Serbara Bejigo, Subramanian Natarajan, Kousik Bhunia, Vijayakumar Elumalai, Sang-Jae Kim
Summary: Environmentally friendly technology for recycling spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes was developed to explore the efficiency of regenerated electrocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The process involved lixiviation of LixCoO2 electrodes using tartaric acid and H2O2, conversion of graphite into graphene oxide (GO), and regeneration of cobalt oxide-supported reduced graphene oxide (Co3O4/rGO). The regenerated composite material exhibited good activity for ORR and MOR, indicating the potential utilization of end-of-life LIBs as high-performance electrocatalysts in energy conversion devices.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chen Wu, Mingli Xu, Chengyi Zhang, Lang Ye, Kanglong Zhang, Hengjiang Cong, Lin Zhuang, Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang, Jiangfeng Qian
Summary: The global lithium-ion battery recycling market is growing rapidly, motivated by the limited mineral resources and environmental sustainability concerns. Conventional recycling technologies, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, show limited advantages in recovering low-value cathodes. In this study, a cost-effective chemical lithiation strategy is developed to regenerate spent low-value cathodes. The results demonstrate that this approach has comparable performance to pristine cathodes, with high economic profitability and minimal environmental impact, providing a new perspective for low-value cathode recycling.
ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jianfeng Wan, Jianan Lyu, Wenyan Bi, Qiang Zhou, Pengxun Li, Haiyan Li, Yingjie Li
Summary: This study analyzes and classifies different regeneration methods for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), with the aim of developing a deep understanding and identifying the most promising methods. The analysis shows that designing a fully recyclable and regenerative LiB is the most promising approach to solve the problem of spent LiBs.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Varsha Srivastava, Venla Rantala, Parisa Mehdipour, Toni Kauppinen, Sari Tuomikoski, Anne Heponiemi, Hanna Runtti, Pekka Tynjala, Dos Reis, Ulla Lassi
Summary: The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for addressing resource shortages and reducing environmental impact. This comprehensive review discusses various strategies and state-of-the-art processes for resource recovery from LIBs, while highlighting the challenges and advantages/disadvantages of different recycling methods.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Eliana G. Pinna, Norman Toro, Sandra Gallegos, Mario H. Rodriguez
Summary: A recycling route for spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) was developed in this study. The metal content in both electrodes was successfully recovered, with over 90% of the material being recycled. Economic analysis showed that the recovered products have high commercial value and industrial interest, making this a viable and sustainable process.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Manohar Akshay, Krishnan Subramanyan, Madhusoodhanan Lathika Divya, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: This work describes the assembly of a lithium-ion capacitor using recovered CuO nanoparticles and activated carbon as the electrodes. The Li-storage property of the CuO nanoparticles with different binders is investigated, and it is found that carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) exhibits better performance compared to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Sreekumar Sreedeep, Subramanian Natarajan, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: The effect of lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) as an electrolyte additive on the electrochemical performance of LiFe0.15Co0.85PO4@C cathode was investigated, and it was found that the addition of LiDFOB improved the electrochemical performance of the cathode.
Article
Electrochemistry
Krishnan Subramanyan, Sanming Chen, Na Li, Tingting Ma, Yongping Liu, Sundaram Chandrasekaran, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: We report a new low-voltage insertion anode based on MXene V4C3Tx and compare its electrochemical performance with ester and ether-based electrolytes in both half-cell and full-cell configurations. The results show that the ether-based electrolyte exhibits better retention ability and rate performance. In addition, the formation of a passivation layer in the carbonate-based electrolyte leads to increased initial Coulombic inefficiency. Full-cell tests with NVPC cathode also demonstrate that the ether-based electrolyte provides enhanced capacity, capacity retention, and rate performance compared to ester-based electrolytes.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Keyru Serbara Bejigo, Subramanian Natarajan, Kousik Bhunia, Vijayakumar Elumalai, Sang-Jae Kim
Summary: Environmentally friendly technology for recycling spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes was developed to explore the efficiency of regenerated electrocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The process involved lixiviation of LixCoO2 electrodes using tartaric acid and H2O2, conversion of graphite into graphene oxide (GO), and regeneration of cobalt oxide-supported reduced graphene oxide (Co3O4/rGO). The regenerated composite material exhibited good activity for ORR and MOR, indicating the potential utilization of end-of-life LIBs as high-performance electrocatalysts in energy conversion devices.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Subramanian Natarajan, Manohar Akshay, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: The design of lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) by hybridizing battery and supercapacitor electrodes has overcome the limitations of supercapacitors and batteries and achieved higher energy and power density. The development of high-performance LICs has been hindered by the slow diffusion of Li-ion in battery anodes. In this study, the regeneration of MnCO3 cuboids from spent LiMn2O4 cathodes is introduced for LICs applications, exhibiting excellent reversibility and high Coulombic efficiency. The LIC assembled with the regenerated MnCO3 anode and commercial activated carbon cathode demonstrates a maximum energy density of 169.4 Wh kg(-1) at 25 degrees C and long durability of 15,000 cycles, even at extreme temperatures.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Krishnan Subramanyan, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: Sodium-ion storage in graphite through solvent cointercalation mechanism shows excellent cycling stability, rate performance, and Coulombic efficiency. The graphite half cell exhibits a low working voltage and high power density, making it a versatile energy storage device. This perspective comprehensively investigates graphite-based sodium-ion full cells and discusses important factors such as electrolyte composition, cathode working voltage, irreversibility, precycling, and high current performance. The article also proposes general considerations for full-cell assembly.
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Madhusoodhanan Lathika Divya, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: This work explores the potential of MoO2 nanorods as an anode material for lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) assembly. The material exhibits high discharge capacity and excellent cyclic stability. Its performance as an anode in LIC assembly is analyzed, and the effects of prelithiation and operating-voltage window are studied. The study demonstrates that MoO2-based LIC systems can be a strong competitor to graphite-based LIC configurations, offering enhanced safety features.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shaji Jyothilakshmi, Krishnan Subramanyan, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: A simple and green synthesis method for TiO2 bronze/anatase hybrid with excellent electrochemical performance as an anode for LIBs is reported. The Li-ion insertion/extraction properties are studied in both half and full-cell configurations, showing promising results in terms of discharge capacity and capacity retention. The TiO2 hybrids exhibit a maximum energy density of 192.75 Wh kg(-1) and good cyclability at room temperature conditions.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Manohar Akshay, Rajesh Belgamwar, Selvarasu Praneetha, Vivek Polshettiwar, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: This work reports the synthesis of defect-engineered dendritic fibrous nanosilica (SiOx) and commercial activated carbon (AC) for lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). The LICs exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, with a maximum energy density of 169.7 Wh kg-1 at room temperature and ultralong durability of >48,000 cycles. The possibility of exploring LIC at different climatic conditions is also analyzed at various temperatures from -5 to 50 degrees C.
ACS MATERIALS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Manohar Akshay, Sundaramurthy Jayaraman, Mani Ulaganathan, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: The second-generation supercapacitor is composed of a hybridized energy storage mechanism of Lithium-ion batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors, known as Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). Electrospun SnO2 nanofibers are synthesized using a simple electrospinning technique and directly used as the anode material for LICs along with activated carbon (AC) as the cathode. The LIC, AC/(LixSn + Li2O), assembled after pre-lithiation of the SnO2 electrode, exhibited a maximum energy density of 185.88 Wh kg-1 and excellent cyclic durability of over 20,000 cycles. Additionally, the feasibility of using the LIC in different environmental conditions was studied by subjecting it to various temperature conditions (-10, 0, 25, & 50 degrees C).
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Parvathy Jayan, Anil Anjali, Sangho Park, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: Dual-ion batteries, utilizing graphite as a bi-functional electrode to reversibly store cations and anions, have shown great potential as energy storage devices. This study focuses on optimizing the Li-storage performance of SnO2 nanostructures as an alternative to graphite anodes. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of a DIB using recovered graphite and SnO2 nanostructures as the cathode and anode is evaluated, demonstrating a high discharge capacity. The study also assesses the adaptability of DIBs to different temperature conditions.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Sreekumar Sreedeep, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: The effect of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT) coating on the electrochemical properties of high voltage lithium cobalt manganese oxide (LCMO) cathodes is investigated. The results demonstrate that LCMO@PEDOT exhibits improved cycling performance and diffusion coefficient compared to pristine LCMO in a half-cell configuration. Furthermore, LCMO@PEDOT/LTO in a full-cell assembly displays superior electrochemical performance compared to pristine LCMO/LTO.
ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Manohar Akshay, Shaji Jyothilakshmi, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: This article primarily focuses on the synthetic methods and modifications of lithium titanate (LTO) in lithium-ion hybrid capacitors (LICs) to enhance their electrochemical performance. It also discusses the influence of other factors, such as the anode material and electrolyte, on LIC performance.
Article
Electrochemistry
Krishnan Subramanyan, Murukabhavan Ramar Palmurukan, Yun-Sung Lee, Vanchiappan Aravindan
Summary: Conversion-alloying-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries have high energy density and specific capacity, but suffer from volume expansion and poor cycling stability. This study introduces exfoliated graphene oxide (EGO) as a carbon matrix to alleviate volume expansion issues and promote fast kinetics.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2023)