Article
Physics, Applied
Marco Avesani, Hamid Tebyanian, Paolo Villoresi, Giuseppe Vallone
Summary: This study introduces a semi-device-independent quantum random-number generator implementation that guarantees security and fast generation rates. By utilizing heterodyne detection, the system offers increased generation rate and improved long-term stability compared to alternative measurement strategies.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ken Tanizawa, Kentaro Kato, Fumio Futami
Summary: This study reports a quantum entropy source that utilizes a single laser diode and parallel homodyne measurement to achieve fast random number generation. By using a distributed feedback laser diode and a planar lightwave circuit splitter, this technology enables high-speed and multi-channel random number generation.
IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Yu-Qian Zhou, Qian-Kun Yao, Ya-Qi Dong, Dan Li, You-Wen Zhu
Summary: In this paper, we discuss quantum randomness expansion using unreliable source and honest measure device in 3-dimensional Hilbert space. We establish the relationship between 3-dimensional quantum witness and random number generation rate. The analytic expression of this relationship is given, which is highly significant for security analysis and practical applications. This work is a preliminary attempt for semi-device-independent quantum random number extension protocols in 3-dimensional Hilbert space.
QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Rutvij Bhavsar, Sammy Ragy, Roger Colbeck
Summary: The DIRE protocol aims to generate a longer random string from an initial one without relying on the inner workings of the devices used. This is achieved by testing if the devices violate a Bell inequality and bounding the extractable randomness based on the observed violation. The study investigates the potential improvement of using two-sided randomness compared to one-sided randomness, providing upper and lower bounds. In addition, a modified protocol that recycles input randomness shows the possibility of significant rate gains and closing the locality loophole.
NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tobias Gehring, Cosmo Lupo, Arne Kordts, Dino Solar Nikolic, Nitin Jain, Tobias Rydberg, Thomas B. Pedersen, Stefano Pirandola, Ulrik L. Andersen
Summary: The article discusses the experimental implementation of a quantum random number generator using homodyne measurements, providing a security proof that considers quantum side-information. Security analysis takes into account Gaussianity and stationarity of noise processes, as well as correlations between consecutive measurement outcomes due to finite detection bandwidth. The experimental realization demonstrates a real-time generation rate of 2.9 Gbit/s.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yuanhao Li, Yangyang Fei, Weilong Wang, Xiangdong Meng, Hong Wang, Qianheng Duan, Zhi Ma
Summary: This study proposes a quantum computer-based random number generation scheme that provides certified randomness by estimating the upper bound of the superposition state preparation error, and also offers a parameter optimization method to increase the generation rate of random bits. Additionally, the scheme was experimentally demonstrated on IBM's cloud superconducting quantum computers.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Applied
Bing Bai, Jianyao Huang, Guan-Ru Qiao, You-Qi Nie, Weijie Tang, Tao Chu, Jun Zhang, Jian-Wei Pan
Summary: Quantum random number generators can produce true random numbers, but speed and size are the two most important compromised parameters for practical applications. This study presents the fastest and miniaturized QRNG with a record real-time output rate of 18.8 Gbps by combining a photonic integrated chip and optimized randomness extraction technology, demonstrating excellent characteristics of integration and high-frequency response.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Hamid Tebyanian, Mujtaba Zahidy, Marco Avesani, Andrea Stanco, Paolo Villoresi, Giuseppe Vallone
Summary: This paper introduces a proof-of-principle time-bin encoding semi-device independent quantum random number generator experiment and verifies the feasibility and security of the protocol through experiments. The system combines ease-of-implementation, high security level, and output entropy, making it a promising candidate for commercial QRNGs.
QUANTUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Optics
Vaisakh Mannalath, Anirban Pathak
Summary: This study analyzes the randomness expansion capabilities of semi-device-independent prepare and measure protocols under the assumption that the Hilbert state dimension is known. It is proven that the maximum certifiable entropy that can be obtained through this set of protocols is independent of the dimension witnesses used. The minimum number of preparation and measurement settings required to achieve this entropy is also proven. Additionally, the study shows that certifiable entropy can be generated as soon as the dimension witness exceeds the classical bound, making the protocol noise-robust and useful in practical applications.
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Junyu Zhang, Yichen Zhang, Ziyong Zheng, Ziyang Chen, Bingjie Xu, Song Yu
Summary: The study reveals the significant impact of finite-size effect on continuous variable source-independent quantum random number generation. The length of check data and confidence probability are closely related to the final randomness, and the quantized output distribution also affects the loss of final randomness.
QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yanbao Zhang, Hsin-Pin Lo, Alan Mink, Takuya Ikuta, Toshimori Honjo, Hiroki Takesue, William J. Munro
Summary: Quantum random numbers are distinguishable due to their intrinsic unpredictability and are useful in various applications, with efforts put into their realization. This study demonstrates low-latency real-time certifiable randomness generation from measurements on photonic time-bin states, generating 8192 random bits every 0.12s. The quantum random number generator is suitable for a continuously-operating, high-security, and high-speed quantum randomness beacon.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Tao Wu, Chun-Hui Zhang, Xing-Yu Zhou, Jian Li, Qin Wang
Summary: This paper investigates the MDI-QRNG with source flaws, demonstrating its performance at different state errors. The influence of finite-size effect is also considered, and the performance of different sources in MDI-QRNGs is compared. This work provides valuable references for practical implementation of MDI-QRNGs.
IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Optics
Yao Zhou, Zhen-Qiu Zhong, Zhen-Qiang Yin, Rong Wang, Xiao-Hai Zhan, Shuang Wang, Wei Chen, Wei Huang, Bing-Jie Xu, Guang-Can Guo, Zheng-Fu Han
Summary: This article introduces a quantum random number generator (QRNG) protocol based on dimension witnesses, which can improve the generation rate of random numbers under different optical path losses and environmental disturbances. The authors also demonstrate a practical implementation of the protocol and compare it with previous methods. The method can also be applied to higher-dimensional quantum systems.
JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Youngrak Choi, Yongjin Yeom, Ju-Sung Kang
Summary: The efficient generation of high-quality random numbers is crucial for the operation of cryptographic modules. The quality of a random number generator is evaluated based on the min-entropy of its entropy source. Hash function-based entropy accumulation, while effective, tends to be slow. Therefore, a new efficient method is needed to accumulate entropy and improve the min-entropy of the output sequence.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yibo Zhu, Yiming Bian, Jie Yang, Yichen Zhang, Song Yu
Summary: We report on an ultra-fast quantum random number generator that detects vacuum fluctuations without assuming input states. To eliminate the effect of classical noise, a Toeplitz hash extractor is used to extract randomness. The experimental results achieved a final random number generation rate of up to 21.28 Gbps.
2022 ASIA COMMUNICATIONS AND PHOTONICS CONFERENCE, ACP
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Marco Avesani, Giulio Foletto, Matteo Padovan, Luca Calderaro, Costantino Agnesi, Elisa Bazzani, Federico Berra, Tommaso Bertapelle, Francesco Picciariello, Francesco B. L. Santagiustina, Davide Scalcon, Alessia Scriminich, Andrea Stanco, Francesco Vedovato, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi
Summary: Current technological progress is driving the commercial and worldwide expansion of Quantum Key Distribution, which can provide secure communication regardless of the computational power of attackers and will be a fundamental feature in future telecommunication networks. Through the implementation of a Quantum Key Distribution application on a classical fiber-based infrastructure, we have demonstrated the feasibility of low-cost and ready-to-use Quantum Key Distribution systems compatible with standard classical infrastructure.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Alessia Scriminich, Giulio Foletto, Francesco Picciariello, Andrea Stanco, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi, Francesco Vedovato
Summary: This study presents a comprehensive model for evaluating the performance of a free-space ground-to-ground quantum key distribution system based on the efficient-BB84 protocol. The model takes into account various factors such as atmospheric channel, telescope design, quantum source and detector parameters, and provides a set of requirements and optimal design choices for a QKD system under specific channel conditions. The study highlights the importance of considering channel fluctuation statistics in correctly estimating the saturation rate of single-photon detectors.
QUANTUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Quantum Science & Technology
Makan Mohageg, Luca Mazzarella, Charis Anastopoulos, Jason Gallicchio, Bei-Lok Hu, Thomas Jennewein, Spencer Johnson, Shih-Yuin Lin, Alexander Ling, Christoph Marquardt, Matthias Meister, Raymond Newell, Albert Roura, Wolfgang P. Schleich, Christian Schubert, Dmitry V. Strekalov, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi, Lisa Woerner, Nan Yu, Aileen Zhai, Paul Kwiat
Summary: The Deep Space Quantum Link mission concept by NASA enables unique science experiments through robust quantum optical links. The principal experimental goals include long-range teleportation, tests of gravitational coupling to quantum states, and advanced tests of quantum nonlocality.
EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Marco Avesani, Hamid Tebyanian, Paolo Villoresi, Giuseppe Vallone
Summary: The authors propose a Source-Device-Independent protocol that can simplify experimental implementation and increase the number of certified bits. They derive a tight lower-bound on the quantum conditional min-entropy using the POVM structure and experimental expectation values. The method is experimentally demonstrated using polarization-encoded qubits and multi-outcome POVM.
COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Giulio Tavani, Chiara Barri, Erfan Mafakheri, Giorgia Franzo, Michele Celebrano, Michele Castriotta, Matteo Di Giancamillo, Giorgio Ferrari, Francesco Picciariello, Giulio Foletto, Costantino Agnesi, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi, Vito Sorianello, Davide Rotta, Marco Finazzi, Monica Bollani, Enrico Prati
Summary: Recent advancements in QKD protocols have explored the use of erbium-doped LEDs as nonlaser sources for quantum key distribution. Silicon LEDs based on electroluminescence of Er:O complexes in Si have been fabricated on a 220 nm SOI wafer. The Er:O diodes showed emission rates of 5 x 10^6 photons/s at 1550 nm at room temperature, and their integration on the SOI platform allows for the development of silicon photon sources suitable for arbitrary-statistic-tolerant QKD protocols.
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Federico Berra, Costantino Agnesi, Andrea Stanco, Marco Avesani, Sebastiano Cocchi, Paolo Villoresi, Giuseppe Vallone
Summary: We propose a modular design for a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) source using iPOGNAC, a stable and calibration-free polarization modulation scheme, for both intensity and polarization encoding. This source is resistant to security vulnerabilities such as side channels and quantum hacking attacks. Our intensity modulation scheme allows flexible adjustment of intensity ratio and reduces patterning effects. The source has been implemented and tested in the near-infrared band, making it suitable for satellite-based QKD. The modularity of the source simplifies development, testing, and qualification, especially for space missions. Our work paves the way for the development of second-generation QKD satellites with excellent performance at higher security levels.
EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Davide Scalcon, Costantino Agnesi, Marco Avesani, Luca Calderaro, Giulio Foletto, Andrea Stanco, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi
Summary: The robust implementation of quantum key distribution requires precise state generation, measurements, and optimal encoding. This study presents a cross-encoded scheme that achieves high accuracy quantum state generation and transmission through a self-compensating polarization modulator. The system demonstrates good and stable performance in terms of key and quantum bit error rates, and represents an important step towards the development of hybrid networks with fiber-optic and free-space links.
ADVANCED QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Marco Avesani, Luca Calderaro, Giulio Foletto, Costantino Agnesi, Francesco Picciariello, Francesco B. L. Santagiustina, Alessia Scriminich, Francesco Vedovato, Mujtaba Zahidy, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi
Summary: Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a mature and reliable quantum technology that enables two remote users to generate secret keys with unconditional security. This study presents a QKD field-trial over optical fibers in the city center of Padua, Italy, utilizing two key technologies developed by the group: a low-error, self-stabilized polarization encoder called iPOGNAC, and a novel synchronization technique called Qubit4Sync, which minimizes the experimental complexity of the system.
QUANTUM COMPUTING, COMMUNICATION, AND SIMULATION II
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Costantino Agnesi, Davide Scalcon, Marco Avesani, Luca Calderaro, Giulio Foletto, Andrea Stanco, Giuseppe Vallone, Paolo Villoresi
Summary: This paper presents a cross-encoded Quantum Key Distribution scheme, where state encoding is performed using a self-compensating and calibration-free polarization modulator, and transmission is done through time-bin encoding to resist perturbances from the fiber channel.
2022 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION (OFC)
(2022)
Article
Optics
Giulio Foletto, Francesco Picciariello, Costantino Agnesi, Paolo Villoresi, Giuseppe Vallone
Summary: The decoy-state method is a standard enhancement to quantum key distribution protocols, but its theoretical foundation needs further study for new technological advancements. This work provides security bounds for decoy-state QKD using a source with an arbitrary photon emission statistic. The performance of the bounds is evaluated with three statistical distributions - Poisson, thermal, and binomial, showing that they are all viable options for QKD.