Article
Clinical Neurology
Dulcie Lai, Meethila Gade, Edward Yang, Hyun Yong Koh, Jinfeng Lu, Nicole M. Walley, Anne F. Buckley, Tristan T. Sands, Cigdem Akman, Mohamad A. Mikati, Guy M. McKhann, James E. Goldman, Peter Canoll, Allyson L. Alexander, Kristen L. Park, Gretchen K. Von Allmen, Olga Rodziyevska, Meenakshi B. Bhattacharjee, Hart G. W. Lidov, Hannes Vogel, Gerald A. Grant, Brenda E. Porter, Annapurna H. Poduri, Peter B. Crino, Erin L. Heinzen
Summary: Somatic variants in genes involved in brain development have been found to cause malformations associated with epilepsy. These variants have been identified in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and other genes in patients with hemimegalencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yajie Wang, Tao Yu, Ingmar Bluemcke, Yanning Cai, Ke Sun, Runshi Gao, Yujiao Wang, Yongjuan Fu, Wei Wang, Yuping Wang, Guojun Zhang, Yueshan Piao
Summary: This study used next generation sequencing to reveal frequent MTOR mutations in patients with FCD IIb and identified genotype-phenotype associations including non-temporal lobe lesion, larger lesion volume, and increased balloon cells and dysmorphic neurons.
NEUROPATHOLOGY AND APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yuming Liu, Jinmai Zhang, Zhuo Wang, Jiaqiang Ma, Ke Wang, Dongning Rao, Mao Zhang, Youpei Lin, Yingcheng Wu, Zijian Yang, Liangqing Dong, Zhenbin Ding, Xiaoming Zhang, Jia Fan, Yongyong Shi, Qiang Gao
Summary: This study investigated the molecular landscape and pathogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). The results revealed that FNH had low mutation burden and mutation frequency correlated with proliferation rate. A unique immune module was observed in an atypical FNH.
Article
Oncology
Ping Zhang, Isaac Kitchen-Smith, Lingyun Xiong, Giovanni Stracquadanio, Katherine Brown, Philipp H. Richter, Marsha D. Wallace, Elisabeth Bond, Natasha Sahgal, Samantha Moore, Svanhild Nornes, Sarah De Val, Mirvat Surakhy, David Sims, Xuting Wang, Douglas A. Bell, Jorge Zeron-Medina, Yanyan Jiang, Anderson J. Ryan, Joanna L. Selfe, Janet Shipley, Siddhartha Kar, Paul D. Pharoah, Chey Loveday, Rick Jansen, Lukasz F. Grochola, Claire Palles, Andrew Protheroe, Val Millar, Daniel Ebner, Meghana Pagadala, Sarah P. Blagden, Timothy S. Maughan, Enric Domingo, Ian Tomlinson, Clare Turnbull, Hannah Carter, Gareth L. Bond
Summary: Insights from cancer susceptibility loci suggest potential for improved cancer management through precision oncology, highlighting the importance of understanding interactions between germline variants and somatic mutations in tumorigenesis. This study proposes that cancer risk-associated germline variants interact with somatic TP53 mutations to modify cancer risk, progression, and therapy response, offering a novel approach for therapeutic targeting of p53 activities and identifying new combinatorial therapies.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Matthew G. Stovell, Duncan J. Howe, Eric P. Thelin, Ibrahim Jalloh, Adel Helmy, Mathew R. Guilfoyle, Peter Grice, Andrew Mason, Susan Giorgi-Coll, Clare N. Gallagher, Michael P. Murphy, David K. Menon, T. Adrian Carpenter, Peter J. Hutchinson, Keri L. H. Carpenter
Summary: The optimization of glucose metabolism in the injured human brain remains uncertain, particularly with regard to the ability of the injured brain to metabolize additional glucose. This study investigated the impact of microdialysis-delivered 1,2-C-13(2) glucose at different concentrations on brain extracellular chemistry in traumatised patients. The results indicated that there may be metabolic factors influencing the extracellular chemistry changes, and a large proportion of extracellular lactate does not originate from local glucose metabolism.
JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mustafa S. Pir, Halil Bilgin, Ahmet Sayici, Furkan M. Torun, Pei Zhao, Yahong Kang, Sebiha Cevik, Oktay Kaplan
Summary: ConVarT is an integrated search engine that helps match variants between humans, mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans. Analyzing phenotypic variants from mice and C. elegans can provide clues about the functional consequences of human genetic variants.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Benjamin B. Sun, Mitja I. Kurki, Christopher N. Foley, Asma Mechakra, Chia-Yen Chen, Eric Marshall, Jemma B. Wilk, Mohamed Chahine, Philippe Chevalier, Georges Christe, Aarno Palotie, Mark J. Daly, Heiko Runz
Summary: This study combines sequencing and genotyping data from two population biobanks to identify genetic associations with human diseases in the rare and low-frequency allelic spectrum, providing insights into disease biology and biomarker levels.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Camino S. M. Ruano, Clara Apicella, Sebastien Jacques, Geraldine Gascoin, Cassandra Gaspar, Francisco Miralles, Celine Mehats, Daniel Vaiman
Summary: The study reveals that alternative splicing is an important feature in placental diseases, affecting the expression of many genes, some of which are related to pregnancy and brain diseases. Additionally, alternative splicing variations in the placenta can be detected at the individual level, showing significant differences between different placentas.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sydney E. E. Townsend, Jesse J. J. Westfall, Jason B. B. Navarro, Daniel C. C. Koboldt, Elaine R. R. Mardis, Katherine E. E. Miller, Tracy A. A. Bedrosian
Summary: Coupling single-cell genotype and transcriptomic data can help us understand the role of somatic variants in disease etiology, especially in neurological disorders like epilepsy. This study used single-cell RNA-sequencing data to validate the detection of known somatic variants, particularly when they are expressed near the end of a gene.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Marc Vaisband, Maria Schubert, Franz Josef Gassner, Roland Geisberger, Richard Greil, Nadja Zaborsky, Jan Hasenauer
Summary: Accurate somatic variant calling from next-generation sequencing data is crucial for personalised cancer therapy. A machine learning approach using a Convolutional Neural Network can improve the validation of genetic variants, incorporating contextual data from sequencing tracks. This model performs on par with trained researchers and enhances reproducibility and scalability.
BMC BIOINFORMATICS
(2023)
Review
Neurosciences
Sara Bizzotto
Summary: Each cell in the human brain has a unique genome that accumulates somatic mutations throughout life. Recent studies have utilized technological advancements to investigate brain development, aging, and disease in human tissue. These studies have revealed insights into cell phylogenies, mutation rates, and patterns, as well as the contribution of somatic mutation to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Nahla AlKurabi, Ahad AlGahtani, Turki M. Sobahy
Summary: This study developed a computational web-server to increase the accessibility and availability of clinically relevant genetic variants. They built a database containing clinical classification for around 3 million cancer genetic variants, and provided a graphical user interface to enhance usability.
BMC BIOINFORMATICS
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samuel Valentini, Francesco Gandolfi, Mattia Carolo, Davide Dalfovo, Lara Pozza, Alessandro Romanel
Summary: Many studies have found associations between common genetic variants and complex diseases, but the biological mechanisms explaining these associations are largely unknown. Common variants often have small effect sizes, suggesting that interactions among multiple variants may be a key genetic component of complex diseases. Polympact is a web-based resource that allows exploring functional relations among human common variants, characterizing over 18 million variants and identifying potential interactions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Stefan Wolking, Claudia Moreau, Mark McCormack, Roland Krause, Martin Krenn, Samuel Berkovic, Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, Norman Delanty, Chantal Depondt, Michael R. Johnson, Bobby P. C. Koeleman, Wolfram S. Kunz, Holger Lerche, Anthony G. Marson, Terence J. O'Brien, Slave Petrovski, Josemir W. Sander, Graeme J. Sills, Pasquale Striano, Federico Zara, Fritz Zimprich, Sanjay M. Sisodiya, Simon L. Girard, Patrick Cossette
Summary: The study investigated the role of rare genetic variants in resistance to antiseizure medications, identifying potential candidate genes and confirming the involvement of rare variants in non-familial non-acquired focal epilepsy. Future large-scale genetic research studies are needed to confirm these findings.
ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
B. Frugtniet, S. Morgan, A. Murray, S. Palmer-Smith, R. White, R. Jones, L. Hanna, C. Fuller, E. Hudson, A. Mullard, A. E. Quinton
Summary: In this study, the overall observed germline/somatic pathogenic variant detection rate was 11.6% in the 844 patients included, with a 9.2% germline pathogenic variant detection rate among 791 patients. Parallel tumor and germline testing for 169 patients showed an overall pathogenic variant detection rate of 14.8%, with 6.5% having a somatic pathogenic variant. Two BRCA1 dosage variants were found during germline screens, representing 2.0% of patients with a pathogenic variant that would have been missed through tumor testing alone.
BJOG-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Hematology
Simon Bomken, Amir Enshaei, Edward C. Schwalbe, Aneta Mikulasova, Yunfeng Dai, Masood Zaka, Kent T. M. Fung, Matthew Bashton, Huezin Lim, Lisa Jones, Nefeli Karataraki, Emily Winterman, Cody Ashby, Andishe Attarbaschi, Yves Bertrand, Jutta Bradtke, Barbara Buldini, G. A. Amos Burke, Giovanni Cazzaniga, Gudrun Goehring, Hesta A. de Groot-Kruseman, Claudia Haferlach, Luca Lo Nigro, Mayur Parihar, Adriana Plesa, Emma Seaford, Edwin Sonneveld, Sabine Strehl, Vincent H. J. van der Velden, Vikki Rand, Stephen P. Hunger, Christine J. Harrison, Chris M. Bacon, Frederik W. van Delft, Mignon L. Loh, John Moppett, Josef Vormoor, Brian A. Walker, Anthony V. Moorman, Lisa J. Russell
Summary: Rare immunophenotypically immature B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) with immunoglobulin-MYC rearrangement (IG-MYC-r) can be confused with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia and treated with unproven efficacy. A comparison of molecular characteristics and clinical outcome data of 90 registered cases with IG-MYC-r in a national BCP-ALL clinical trial/registry demonstrated diverse cytogenetic backgrounds and high-risk BCP-ALL features. Effective management strategies, such as contemporary clinical trial protocols, should be developed for these patients.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
H. Colton, M. D. Parker, O. Stirrup, J. Blackstone, M. Loose, C. P. McClure, S. Roy, C. Williams, J. McLeod, D. Smith, Y. Taha, P. Zhang, S. N. Hsu, B. Kele, K. Harris, F. Mapp, R. Williams, P. Flowers, J. Breuer, D. G. Partridge, T. I. de Silva
Summary: This study identifies challenges in achieving a rapid turnaround time (TAT) in COVID-19 sequencing. The main delay comes from the time between COVID-19 PCR results and sample arrival at the sequencing laboratory. Integrating pathogen sequencing into diagnostic laboratories can improve sequencing TAT and make sequence data valuable for infection control practice.
JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
(2023)
Article
Oncology
Claire Schwab, Ruth E. E. Cranston, Sarra L. L. Ryan, Ellie Butler, Emily Winterman, Zoe Hawking, Matthew Bashton, Amir Enshaei, Lisa J. J. Russell, Zoya Kingsbury, John F. F. Peden, Emilio Barretta, James Murray, Jude Gibson, Andrew C. C. Hinchliffe, Robert Bain, Ajay Vora, David R. R. Bentley, Mark T. T. Ross, Anthony V. V. Moorman, Christine J. J. Harrison
Summary: Incorporating genetics into risk-stratification for treatment of childhood B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) has improved survival. New genetic subtypes have emerged in B-other-ALL, but their prognostic relevance remains unclear. This study integrated next generation sequencing with existing genetic annotation in a cohort of B-other-ALL patients, discovering different subtypes and confirming their prognostic significance.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Laura S. Kremer, Lyuba V. Bozhilova, Diana Rubalcava-Gracia, Roberta Filograna, Mamta Upadhyay, Camilla Koolmeister, Patrick F. Chinnery, Nils-Goran Larsson
Summary: In this study, the role of autophagy in germline purifying selection of mtDNA was investigated by mating different autophagy-deficient mouse models with mice carrying a pathogenic tRNA(Ala) gene mutation. The results showed that Bcl2l13 had a significant effect on the selection process, while Ulk1 and Ulk2 had weaker effects, and Parkin had no statistically significant impact. This study provides experimental evidence for the distinct roles of autophagy in germline purifying selection of mtDNA and establishes a framework for future studies on this process.
Article
Immunology
Kate F. F. Cook, Angela H. H. Beckett, Sharon Glaysher, Salman Goudarzi, Christopher Fearn, Katie F. F. Loveson, Scott Elliott, Sarah Wyllie, Allyson Lloyd, Kelly Bicknell, Sally Lumley, Anoop J. J. Chauhan, Samuel C. C. Robson
Summary: This study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from healthcare workers and patients in a large acute NHS hospital in the UK from September 2020 to May 2021. The results showed that nosocomial infections increased as the community prevalence of the Alpha variant increased, leading to several outbreaks. The transmission of infections was mainly from patient to patient and from patients to healthcare workers, while infections from healthcare workers to patients were rare. The introduction of the vaccine reduced infections among healthcare workers significantly.
FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Alexander G. Murley, Yu Nie, Zoe Golder, Michael John Keogh, Colin Smith, James W. Ironside, Patrick F. Chinnery
Summary: This study investigated the role of pathologic somatic variants in the PRNP gene in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). High-depth amplicon-based sequencing was performed on postmortem brain tissue from sCJD, Alzheimer's disease, and control subjects. The study found somatic PRNP variants in sCJD cases, but their pathogenicity remains uncertain.
NEUROLOGY-GENETICS
(2023)
Article
Hematology
Qingsong Gao, Sarra L. Ryan, Ilaria Iacobucci, Pankaj S. Ghate, Ruth E. Cranston, Claire Schwab, Abdelrahman H. Elsayed, Lei Shi, Stanley Pounds, Shaohua Lei, Pradyuamna Baviskar, Deqing Pei, Cheng Cheng, Matthew Bashton, Paul Sinclair, David R. Bentley, Mark T. Ross, Zoya Kingsbury, Terena James, Kathryn G. Roberts, Meenakshi Devidas, Yiping Fan, Wenan Chen, Ti-Cheng Chang, Gang Wu, Andrew Carroll, Nyla Heerema, Virginia Valentine, Marcus Valentine, Wenjian Yang, Jun J. Yang, Anthony Moorman, Christine J. Harrison, Charles G. Mullighan
Summary: In this study, the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of 124 patients with iAMP21-ALL were analyzed, revealing subgroups based on copy number alteration and structural variation. The study identified a common amplification region on chromosome 21 and found several differentially expressed genes associated with acute leukemia. Single-cell genomic profiling showed clonal heterogeneity and genomic evolution, indicating that the acquisition of iAMP21 is an early event that may progress during disease development. The study also found characteristic secondary genetic features and suggested the use of cytogenetic or genomic methods for precise diagnosis of iAMP21-ALL.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
S. Cotton, M. P. McHugh, R. Dewar, J. G. Haas, K. Templeton
Summary: This study investigated whether patients discharged from hospitals during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Scotland were a source of virus introduction into care homes. The majority of patients discharged did not introduce the virus into care homes, highlighting the importance of screening all new admissions when faced with a novel emerging virus and no available vaccine.
JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
David J. Pascall, Elen Vink, Rachel Blacow, Naomi Bulteel, Alasdair Campbell, Robyn Campbell, Sarah Clifford, Chris Davis, Ana da Silva Filipe, Noha El Sakka, Ludmila Fjodorova, Ruth Forrest, Emily Goldstein, Rory Gunson, John Haughney, Matthew T. G. Holden, Patrick Honour, Joseph Hughes, Edward James, Tim Lewis, Oscar MacLean, Martin McHugh, Guy Mollett, Tommy Nyberg, Yusuke Onishi, Ben Parcell, Surajit Ray, David L. Robertson, Shaun R. Seaman, Sharif Shabaan, James G. Shepherd, Katherine Smollett, Kate Templeton, Elizabeth Wastnedge, Craig Wilkie, Thomas Williams, Emma C. Thomson
Summary: This study retrospectively analyzed COVID-19 cases and compared the severity of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results showed that the changes in severity between different variants were inconsistent, indicating the uncertainty of the severity of future variants.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Girvan Burnside, Christopher P. Cheyne, Gary Leeming, Michael Humann, Alistair Darby, Mark A. Green, Alexander Crozier, Simon Maskell, Kay O'Halloran, Elena Musi, Elinor Carmi, Naila Khan, Debra Fisher, Rhiannon Corcoran, Jake Dunning, W. John Edmunds, Kukatharmini Tharmaratnam, David M. Hughes, Liora Malki-Epshtein, Malcolm Cook, Ben M. Roberts, Eileen Gallagher, Kate Howell, Meera Chand, Robin Kemp, Matthew Boulter, Tom Fowler, Malcolm G. Semple, Emer Coffey, Matt Ashton, Marta Garcia-Finana, Iain E. Buchan
Summary: This study aimed to understand the transmission risks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), perceived risks, and the feasibility of risk mitigations during a series of mass cultural events before COVID-19 restrictions were lifted. The results showed that there was minimal SARS-CoV-2 transmission and low perceived risks during these events when prevalence was low and effective risk mitigations were implemented. Audience anxiety was low and enjoyment was high. Rating: 8 out of 10.
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Max H. Foxley-Marrable, Leon D'Cruz, Paul Meredith, Sharon F. Glaysher, Angela F. Beckett, Salman Goudarzi, Christopher Fearn, Kate Cook, Katie Loveson, Hannah Dent, Hannah Paul, Scott Elliott, Sarah Wyllie, Allyson Lloyd, Kelly Bicknell, Sally Lumley, James J. McNicholas, David C. Prytherch, Andrew Lundgren, Or Graur, Anoop Chauhan, Samuel Robson
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a study combining whole genome sequencing data and clinical data of 929 patients was conducted to explore the associations between acute physiological status and disease severity. It was found that the admission National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) had weak association with severity, while the maximum NEWS2 had moderate association. Patient outcome was weakly associated with factors like age, sex, and pre-existing conditions. No significant links between viral genomics and severe outcomes were discovered, but there was evidence that variant subtype may impact relative risk for certain sub-populations.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
David Pascall, Elen Vink, Rachel Blacow, Naomi Bulteel, Alasdair Campbell, Robyn Campbell, Sarah Clifford, Chris Davis, Ana da Silva Filipe, Noha El Sakka, Ludmila Fjodorova, Ruth Forrest, Emily Goldstein, Rory Gunson, John Haughney, Matthew T. G. Holden, Patrick Honour, Joseph Hughes, Edward James, Tim Lewis, Samantha Lycett, Oscar MacLean, Martin McHugh, Guy L. Mollett, Yusuke Onishi, Ben G. Parcell, Surajit Ray, David Robertson, Sharif Shabaan, James Shepherd, Katherine Smollett, Kate C. Templeton, Elizabeth Wastnedge, Craig Wilkie, Thomas Williams, Emma Thomson
Summary: This retrospective study analyzed 1475 samples collected from Scottish hospitals and community cases between November 1, 2020, and January 30, 2021, and matched them with clinical outcomes. The results showed that the Alpha variant was associated with more severe clinical disease compared to other variants.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Alba Rodriguez-Meira, Ruggiero Norfo, Sean Wen, Agathe L. Chedeville, Haseeb Rahman, Jennifer O'Sullivan, Guanlin Wang, Eleni Louka, Warren W. Kretzschmar, Aimee Paterson, Charlotte Brierley, Jean-Edouard Martin, Caroline Demeule, Matthew Bashton, Nikolaos Sousos, Daniela Moralli, Lamia Subha Meem, Joana Carrelha, Bishan Wu, Angela Hamblin, Helene Guermouche, Florence Pasquier, Christophe Marzac, Francois Girodon, William Vainchenker, Mark Drummond, Claire Harrison, J. Ross Chapman, Isabelle Plo, Sten Eirik W. Jacobsen, Bethan Psaila, Supat Thongjuea, Ileana Antony-Debre, Adam J. Mead
Summary: This study analyzes hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) transforming from myeloproliferative neoplasm. They find that chronic inflammation suppresses TP53 wild-type cells while enhancing the fitness advantage of TP53-mutant cells, promoting genetic evolution. These findings will aid in the development of risk-stratification, early detection, and treatment strategies for TP53-mutant leukemia.
Article
Biology
Katrina A. Lythgoe, Tanya Golubchik, Matthew Hall, Thomas House, Roberto Cahuantzi, George MacIntyre-Cockett, Helen Fryer, Laura Thomson, Anel Nurtay, Mahan Ghafani, David Buck, Angie Green, Amy Trebes, Paolo Piazza, Lorne J. Lonie, Ruth Studley, Emma Rourke, Darren Smith, Matthew Bashton, Andrew Nelson, Matthew Crown, Clare McCann, Gregory R. Young, Rui Andre Nunes dos Santos, Zack Richards, Adnan Tariq, Christophe Fraser, Ian Diamond, Jeff Barrett, Ann Sarah Walker, David Bonsall
Summary: The study analyzed the samples collected by the Office for National Statistics Coronavirus Infection Survey (ONS-CIS) to investigate the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. The findings showed that different lineages had distinct growth advantages during the study period, although there was a gradual decrease in average viral burdens. The study also observed increasing divergence and diversity within lineages, with step increases in divergence associated with major lineages.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Helen R. Fryer, Tanya Golubchik, Matthew Hall, Christophe Fraser, Robert Hinch, Luca Ferretti, Laura Thomson, Anel Nurtay, Lorenzo Pellis, Thomas House, George MacIntyre-Cockett, Amy Trebes, David Buck, Paolo Piazza, Angie Green, Lorne J. Lonie, Darren Smith, Matthew Bashton, Matthew Crown, Andrew Nelson, Clare M. McCann, Mohammed Adnan Tariq, Claire J. Elstob, Rui Nunes Dos Santos, Zack Richards, Xin Xhang, Joseph Hawley, Mark R. Lee, Priscilla Carrillo-Barragan, Isobel Chapman, Sarah Harthern-Flint, David Bonsall, Katrina A. Lythgoe
Summary: This study examines the impact of viral variation, age, and vaccine status on within-host viral burden based on a large, population-representative survey conducted in the UK. The findings show that viral burden increases with age, is reduced by vaccination, and is influenced by the interplay of vaccination status and viral variant. A novel method was also developed to account for bias in sampled viral burden.