CCR2 and CCR5 promote diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Liver injury, one of the major side effects of diclofenac (DIC), plagues thousands of patients who treated with it. Although involvements of metabolic factors, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial injury have been characterized, the exact immunomolecular mechanism of the hepatotoxicity of DIC still remains ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the role of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 in this progression. Ccr2, Ccr5, and Tnfr1/2-deficient mice, as well as wild type littermates, were administrated DIC or vehicle for 24h, receptively. Hepatic expression of CCR2, CCR5, and their ligands were upregulated after DIC treatment. DIC-induced liver injury was augmented in Ccr2(+/+) mice than Ccr2(-/-) mice, a similar phenotype was observed in Ccr5-deficient mice. In addition, antagonists of CCR2 or CCR5 protected liver damage caused by diclofenac. Besides, the number of neutrophils present in the liver was gradually increased from 0 to 12h after drug administration. However, the recruitment of neutrophils was dramatically lessened after blocking CCR2 or CCR5 signaling. Furthermore, TNF- level in the liver was decreased in Ccr2(-/-) mice compared with Ccr2(+/+) mice. Intriguingly, in line with this, TNF receptor 1 and 2 double knockout mice showed markedly attenuated hepatotoxicity of DIC. These suggested that CCR2 and CCR5 mediated hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac, TNF- was responsible, at least in part, for it, and the pharmacological inhibition of CCR2 or CCR5 might serve as a novel therapeutic approach for DIC-induced hepatotoxicity.