Vanadium-based nanowires for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have received great attention because of the abundance source and low cost. To date, some Na+ storage materials have achieved great performance, but the larger Na+ radius and more complex Na+ storage mechanism compared with Li+ still limit the energy density and power density. This review systematically summarizes emerging synthetic technologies of vanadium-based materials from simple nanowires to complicated modified/optimized structures. In addition, vanadium-based nanowire materials are reviewed at both the cathode and anode side, and advantages and drawbacks are proposed to explain the challenges facing application of novel materials. Furthermore, a vanadium-based single-nanowire device is reported to reveal the Na+ storage mechanism, which contributes to the understanding of the reaction in SIBs. Finally, this review summarizes the current development challenges of SIBs and looks forward to the future development prospects of vanadium-based nanowires, providing a new direction for further applications of SIBs.