Article
Business
Teemu Birkstedt, Matti Minkkinen, Anushree Tandon, Matti Mantymaki
Summary: This paper synthesizes the organizational AI governance literature by outlining research themes and knowledge gaps as well as putting forward future agendas. The authors' review confirmed the assumption that AI governance is an emerging research topic with few explicit definitions. The central knowledge gaps revealed were the limited understanding of AI governance implementation, lack of attention to the AI governance context, uncertain effectiveness of ethical principles and regulation, and insufficient operationalization of AI governance processes.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Kenji Doya, Arisa Ema, Hiroaki Kitano, Masamichi Sakagami, Stuart Russell
Summary: Advances in artificial intelligence and brain science will have a significant impact on society, providing immense benefits but also posing risks such as abuse and inequity. It is important to incorporate ethical principles in practical ways and learn from democratic mechanisms and open discussions.
Article
Social Issues
Catarina Fontes, Caitlin Corrigan, Christoph Luetge
Summary: After the outbreak of Covid-19, the European Commission took prompt action to lead and coordinate a common European response. Initiatives such as the Repository of AI and Robotics solutions were launched to leverage and disseminate knowledge on AI, with a focus on its potential in tackling specific tasks during a public health crisis. The establishment of ethical and trustworthy AI frameworks was also emphasized from a governance perspective.
TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jakob Mokander, Luciano Floridi
Summary: Auditing is a promising mechanism for bridging the gap between ethical principles and practices in AI. It can improve decision-making quality, increase user satisfaction, unlock growth potential, enable law-making, and alleviate human suffering. However, there are constraints associated with ethics-based auditing that need to be understood and addressed in order to facilitate ethical alignment of AI and maximize the economic and social benefits of automation.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Marieke Bak, Vince Istvan Madai, Marie-Christine Fritzsche, Michaela Th. Mayrhofer, Stuart McLennan
Summary: Artificial intelligence in healthcare has the potential to improve safety, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. However, accessing data is crucial to benefit from data-intensive medicine. While the conventional consent or anonymize approach is still dominant in European countries, it may undermine data-intensive medicine and harm patients. This paper contrasts different data governance approaches in the EU and discusses the ethical trade-offs and the need to prioritize data access for AI development.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Victor O. K. Li, Jacqueline C. K. Lam, Jiahuan Cui
Summary: This article discusses the role and challenges of AI and big data technologies in environmental decision-making, raises a series of important questions, and summarizes the significance and innovation of the articles included in the special issue. It also highlights the important principles of AI for social good.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Luis Moniz Pereira, The Anh Han, Antonio Barata Lopes
Summary: This paper presents a summary of research conducted using AI to understand human morality. The focus is on regulating the development of new AI technologies to ensure fairness and avoid disparities in power and wealth. Instead of statistical models, the approach employs psychologically realistic counterfactual reasoning to study fundamental factors in human moral motivation. The findings contribute to achieving greater sustainability and global benefit, independent of cultural specificities.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Alfonso Jose Lopez Rivero, M. Encarnacion Beato, Cesar Munoz Martinez, Pedro Gonzalo Cortinas Vazquez
Summary: This paper presents an empirical study on the perception of ethical challenges in artificial intelligence groups based on the EU classification. The study aims to identify the ethical principles that cause the most concern among the population and analyze different characteristics among various actors, particularly the difference between ICT professionals and the general population. In addition, the study includes a gender analysis and examines differences between future professionals in AI and other university students.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(2022)
Review
Health Care Sciences & Services
Ahmed Al Kuwaiti, Khalid Nazer, Abdullah Al-Reedy, Shaher Al-Shehri, Afnan Al-Muhanna, Arun Vijay Subbarayalu, Dhoha Al Muhanna, Fahad A. Al-Muhanna
Summary: This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, with a focus on medical imaging and diagnostics, virtual patient care, medical research and drug discovery, patient engagement and compliance, rehabilitation, and administrative applications. AI has had a significant impact on various aspects of healthcare, including clinical condition detection, early diagnosis of COVID-19, virtual patient care, electronic health record management, patient engagement and compliance, reduction of administrative workload, drug and vaccine discovery, identification of medical prescription errors, data storage and analysis, and technology-assisted rehabilitation. However, integrating AI into healthcare presents technical, ethical, and social challenges related to privacy, safety, decision-making, costs, information and consent, access, and efficacy. Effective governance is crucial to address these challenges and ensure patient safety, healthcare professional accountability, acceptance, and significant health outcomes.
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Political Science
Mark Nitzberg, John Zysman
Summary: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a new general purpose technology that needs to be clearly defined before its global governance can be considered. The development and deployment of AI tools are driven by dominant Digital Platform Firms (DPFs), which play a critical role in governing AI. The governance of AI involves a wide range of economic and societal questions, and achieving interoperability among nations with different political economies is crucial.
JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN PUBLIC POLICY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Laura Weidinger, Richard Everett, Saffron Huang, Tina O. Zhu, Martin J. Chadwick, Christopher Summerfield, Susan Fiske, Iason Gabriel
Summary: The Veil of Ignorance (VoI), proposed by philosopher John Rawls, is applied to the governance of artificial intelligence (AI) in this research. Through five incentive compatible studies, participants choose principles to govern an AI assistant without knowledge of their own relative position in the group. The results show a consistent preference for prioritizing the worst-off, driven by concerns about fairness rather than risk attitudes or political preferences.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Cybernetics
Arif Ali Khan, Muhammad Azeem Akbar, Mahdi Fahmideh, Peng Liang, Muhammad Waseem, Aakash Ahmad, Mahmood Niazi, Pekka Abrahamsson
Summary: Artificial intelligence (AI) solutions and technologies are being increasingly adopted in smart systems contexts; however, ethical uncertainties remain. Guidelines and frameworks are designed to ensure ethical well-being, but their implications are still debated. We conducted a survey of 99 representative AI practitioners and lawmakers from 20 countries to explore the significance of AI ethics principles. The findings show that transparency, accountability, and privacy are critical principles, and lack of ethical knowledge, legal frameworks, and monitoring bodies are common challenges.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Development Studies
Leonie N. Bossert, Thilo Hagendorff
Summary: Technologies equipped with AI have a significant impact on various aspects of our everyday lives. These technologies are increasingly being discussed in the context of sustainable AI due to their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, high energy consumption, and fairness issues. However, current sustainable AI approaches are anthropocentric, and this article argues for a non-anthropocentric sentientist approach. It suggests that theories of sustainability and sustainable development should include sentient animals and explores the consequences of this approach for applying AI technologies in a sustainable manner.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(2023)
Article
Business
Jean-Marie John-Mathews
Summary: The lack of ethics and the interpretability of AI decisions are two fundamental issues facing the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Research shows that interpretable AI explanations may lack denunciatory power and this power is highly dependent on the context in which the explanation takes place, such as the gender or education of the recipient. AI ethics tools are sometimes too flexible and self-regulation is not enough to address ethical issues.
TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Emma Goldenthal, Jennifer Park, Sunny X. Liu, Hannah Mieczkowski, Jeffrey T. Hancock
Summary: This study examines the gap between availability and accessibility of AI-Mediated Communication tools, identifying factors such as software, device, and internet access, demographic characteristics, and AI-MC literacy that impact adoption. Barriers to access, understanding, and usage of AI-MC tools were identified, with a call to address accessibility concerns within the digital technology industry.
COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
(2021)
Review
Business
Anna Lena Hunkenschroer, Christoph Luetge
Summary: This paper systematically reviews the existing literature on the ethicality of AI-enabled recruiting and summarizes the ethical opportunities, risks, ambiguities, and proposed ways to mitigate ethical risks in practice. It identifies gaps in the current literature and points out moral questions that require deeper exploration in future research.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jessica Morley, Libby Kinsey, Anat Elhalal, Francesca Garcia, Marta Ziosi, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This study aims to answer questions about AI practitioners' understanding, motivation, barriers, and needs when it comes to translating ethical principles into practice through a mixed-methods qualitative analysis.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Josh Cowls, Andreas Tsamados, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article analyzes the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in combatting global climate change and highlights two crucial opportunities and problems associated with its development. It assesses the carbon footprint of AI research and emphasizes the need for effective governance.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Wim De Mulder, Peggy Valcke, Joke Baeck
Summary: This article discusses how to reduce legal uncertainty in ex aequo et bono compensations using principles from statistics and machine learning. The authors propose a two-stage estimation method and suggest that tracking the relative differences in compensation can help decrease legal uncertainty in disputes.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LAW
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Emmie Hine, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article analyzes the differences and fundamental reasons behind Chinese and American AI policies, using a philosophy-of-technology-grounded framework and Natural Language Processing methods. It provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of policy differences by examining documents from three American presidential administrations and Chinese national and local policy documents.
Review
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
David Wong, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of Meta's Oversight Board (OB) and proposes suggestions for improvement. The strengths of the OB include enhancing transparency, influencing reform through policy recommendations, and assertiveness in interpreting jurisdiction. Weaknesses include limited jurisdiction, impact, Meta's control over OB precedents, and lack of diversity. The article emphasizes the challenges and opportunities presented by the OB's relationship with Meta and governments, and suggests reforms to improve control, apply precedents, and address institutional weaknesses.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Communication
Josh Cowls, Jessica Morley, Luciano Floridi
Summary: Events such as the riot at the United States Capitol and tightening constraints on the Russian public sphere have underscored the importance of app store governance, which is dominated by Apple and Google. This article analyzes the removals of the American app Parler and the Russian app Smart Voting from app stores in 2021, and identifies three critical limitations: the dominance of Apple and Google, the opacity of their app store guidelines, and the arbitrary enforcement of these guidelines in specific cases. The potential efficacy of legislative proposals in the EU and US to address these issues is assessed, and recommendations for more effective and socially responsible app store governance are offered.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY
(2023)
Article
Communication
Huw Roberts, Josh Cowls, Emmie Hine, Jessica Morley, Vincent Wang, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: This article compares the artificial intelligence strategies of China and the European Union, focusing on their high-level aims, approaches to promoting AI development and use, and the intended beneficiaries of these policies. By examining the similarities and differences, the article suggests areas where both the EU and China can learn from each other and improve their AI governance to achieve more ethical outcomes. Policy recommendations are provided for European and Chinese policymakers.
INFORMATION SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jakob Mokander, Margi Sheth, David S. Watson, Luciano Floridi
Summary: There is a gap between principles and practices in AI ethics due to the lack of a well-defined material scope. This article reviews and compares previous attempts to classify AI systems using three mental models: the Switch, the Ladder, and the Matrix. Each model has its own strengths and weaknesses. By conceptualizing different ways of classifying AI systems, organizations can demarcate the material scope of their AI governance frameworks.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Emmie Hine, Luciano Floridi
Summary: The US is promoting a vision of a Good AI Society through its AI Bill of Rights, emphasizing community-oriented equity unique amongst its peers. However, there is a risk of rights violations and the non-binding nature of the bill may lead the private sector to ignore it.
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Riccardo Ghioni, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: In the West, open source intelligence (OSINT) accounts for 80 to 90 percent of intelligence activities conducted by Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) and intelligence services. Advancements in data mining, machine learning, and computing power have accelerated and automated intelligence collection and analysis, resulting in more accurate results. However, these developments raise concerns regarding governance, ethics, legality, and social implications.
Correction
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jakob Mokander, Margi Sheth, David S. Watson, Luciano Floridi
MINDS AND MACHINES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Claudio Novelli, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi
Summary: Accountability is essential in the governance of AI, but its definition is often unclear due to the complex nature of AI systems. In this article, we define accountability in terms of answerability and propose a framework consisting of three conditions (authority recognition, interrogation, and limitation of power) and seven features (context, range, agent, forum, standards, process, and implications). We analyze this framework through four accountability goals (compliance, report, oversight, and enforcement) and argue that these goals are complementary and prioritized based on the use of accountability and the objectives of AI governance.
Proceedings Paper
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Andrea Aler Tubella, Dimitri Coelho Mollo, Adam Dahlgren Lindstrom, Hannah Devinney, Virginia Dignum, Petter Ericson, Anna Jonsson, Timotheus Kampik, Tom Lenaerts, Julian Alfredo Mendez, Juan Carlos Nieves
Summary: Fairness is crucial for the ethical and responsible development and use of AI systems. However, many proposed fairness solutions focus on technical considerations rather than the needs and consequences for the most affected communities. This paper introduces the ACROCPoLis framework to model fairness aspects in allocation processes, providing a shared vocabulary for fairness assessments in various situations and procedures.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH ACM CONFERENCE ON FAIRNESS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND TRANSPARENCY, FACCT 2023
(2023)
Article
Business
Madeleine J. Fuerst, Christoph Luetge
Summary: This paper extends the understanding of organizational integrity and emphasizes its important role in companies. Interpretations of organizational integrity in business ethics literature cover various aspects, including the behavior of managers and employees, as well as corporate structures and incentive systems. By applying virtue ethics, the paper provides a framework for understanding integrity and applies it to an organizational level. The paper defines and operationalizes organizational integrity in a three-step process, highlighting its preventive investment nature and its role in protecting a company's reputation and existence.
BUSINESS ETHICS THE ENVIRONMENT & RESPONSIBILITY
(2023)
