Investigation of the buried planar interfaces in multi-layered inverted organic solar cells using x-ray reflectivity and impedance spectroscopy

The hole and electron extracting interlayers in the organic solar cells (OSCs) play an important role in high performing devices. The present work focuses on an investigation of Zinc oxide/bulk heterojunction (ZnO/BHJ) and BHJ/MoOx (Molybdenum oxide) buried planar interfaces in inverted OSC devices using the optical contrast in various layers along with the electrical measurements. The x-ray reflectivity (XRR) analysis demonstrates the formation of additional intermixing layers at the interfaces of ZnO/BHJ and BHJ/MoOx. Our results indicate infusion of PC71BM into ZnO layer up to similar to 4nm which smoothen the ZnO/BHJ interface. In contrast, thermally evaporated MoOx molecules diffuse into PTB7-Th dominant upper layers of BHJ active layer resulting in an intermixed layer at the interface of MoOx/BHJ. The high recombination resistance (similar to 5 k Omega cm(2)) and electron lifetime (similar to 70 mu s), obtained from the impedance spectroscopy (IS), support such vertical segregation of PTB7-Th and PC71BM in the active layer. The OSC devices, processed in ambient condition, exhibit high power conversion efficiency of 6.4%. We consider our results have great significance to understand the structure of buried planar interfaces at interlayers and their correlation with the electrical parameters representing various interfacial mechanisms of OSCs.