Kinetic and Structural Characterization of the Interaction of 6-Methylidene Penem 2 with the β-Lactamase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is intrinsically resistant to most beta-lactam antibiotics because of the constitutive expression of the blaC-encoded, beta-lactamase. This enzyme has extremely high activity against penicillins and cephalosporins, but weaker activity against carbapenems. The enzyme can be inhibited by clavulanate, avibactam, and boronic acids. In this study, we investigated the ability of 6-methylidene beta-lactams to inhibit BlaC. One such compound, penem 2, inhibited BlaC more than 70 times more efficiently than clavulanate. The compound forms a covalent complex with BlaC as shown by mass spectrometry. Crystallization of the complex revealed that the bound inhibitor was covalently attached via the Ser70 active site residue and that the covalently, acylated form of the inhibitor had undergone additional chemistry yielding a 4,7-thiazepine ring in place of the beta-lactam and a thiazapyroline ring generated as a result of beta-lactam ring opening. The stereochemistry of the product of the 7-endotrig cyclization was the opposite of that observed previously for class A and D beta-lactamases. Addition of penem 2 greatly synergized the antibacterial properties of both ampicillin and meropenem against a growing culture of M. tuberculosis. Strikingly, penem 2 alone showed significant growth inhibition, suggesting that in addition to its capability of efficiently inhibiting BlaC, it also inhibited the peptidoglycan cross-linking transpeptidases.