Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Raul Rinken, Dean Posthuma, Roberto Rinaldi
Summary: Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) produces lignin oil and high-quality cellulosic pulps, but the complexity of lignin oil makes it challenging to analyze. To investigate the mechanisms of lignin stabilization and structural features of carbohydrates, fractionation methods are required. This study examines solvent fractionation as a method to produce lignin oil fractions for characterization. The solvent fractionation allows for determining structural heterogeneity using high-resolution HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The study also investigates the role of the hydrogenation catalyst in stabilizing lignin fragments and defining the structural features of hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates in lignin oil obtained by the RCF process.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Junjun Zhu, Ningxin Jiao, Jinlan Cheng, Han Zhang, Guangliu Xu, Yong Xu, J. Y. Zhu
Summary: This study proposes an efficient biorefining strategy for co-producing bioethanol, furfural, and lignin nano particles (LNPs) from birch wood using acid hydrotropic fractionation. The process involves separate hydrolysis and fermentation of glucan-rich wood fraction to produce ethanol, concentration and catalysis of xylose-rich fraction to obtain furfural, and fractionation of enzymatic hydrolysis solid residue to prepare LNPs. The mass balance shows that 1.0 t ethanol, 0.61 t furfural, and 0.63 t LNPs can be produced from 6.5 t oven-dry birch wood.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Filippo Brienza, Korneel Van Aelst, Karel Thielemans, Bert F. Sels, Damien P. Debecker, Iwona Cybulska
Summary: Sodium dithionite acts as a reducing agent in the organosolv fractionation of lignocellulose to produce cellulosic pulp and promote the conversion of lignin into phenolic monomers. Its role in the reductive cleavage of beta-O-4 bonds in lignin and the formation of phenolic monomers is highlighted through reactions with model compounds.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xinyi Xie, Xiangyu Wang, Xinping Ouyang, Qiyu Liu, Xueqing Qiu
Summary: A rapid fractionation method for lignin was proposed in this study, involving the dissolution and partial hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose and subsequent filtration to obtain lignin solid with a purity of 88.3%. The resulting lignin preserved the native structure and could be further depolymerized into monophenol. Additionally, the dissolved holocellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into various types of sugars.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
W. Arts, K. Van Aelst, E. Cooreman, J. van Aelst, S. van den Bosch, B. F. Sels
Summary: Lignin-first reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly biorefinery technology. By recycling the reaction liquor and solvent, the process achieves a drastic reduction of costs and CO2 footprint. The results of coupled techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment show that high liquor recycling leads to lower minimum selling price of the lignin oil and global warming potential.
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ricardo O. Almeida, Adriana Moreira, Daniela Moreira, Maria E. Pina, Maria G. V. S. Carvalho, Maria G. Rasteiro, Jose A. F. Gamelas
Summary: This study demonstrates a successful method of obtaining cellulose-rich materials from the wood of an invasive tree species, utilizing appropriate ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. The treated wood can be used to produce cationic wood-based polyelectrolytes with potential applications in wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haiyan Yin, Maziar Sedighi Moghaddam, Mikko Tuominen, Andra Dedinaite, Magnus Walinder, Agne Swerin
Summary: This study investigated the effect of prolonged UV irradiation on the performance of superhydrophobized birch and acetylated birch wood. The results showed that the combination of surface modification using silicone nanofilaments and wood acetylation provided good wetting resistance even after prolonged UV exposure. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the silicone nanofilaments were still present on the wood samples after UV irradiation. Additionally, the surface-modified wood samples exhibited significant color change and degradation of lignin after UV exposure.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jingxue Li, Yingxiong Wang, Wanbin Zhu, Shanshuai Chen, Tiansheng Deng, Shuaishuai Ma, Hongliang Wang
Summary: A mild and highly efficient pretreatment strategy for lignocellulosic biomass has been developed, utilizing fluid shear force and heat generation to separate and recover cellulose. The regenerated cellulose exhibits improved properties and the separated lignin retains a native-like structure, providing guidance for large-scale applications in biorefinery processes.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Akshay R. Mankar, Arindam Modak, Kamal Kishore Pant
Summary: Lignin is the largest renewable source of aromatics globally, but the majority is still burned as low-value fuel, with only a small percentage used for high-value chemicals. Understanding lignin depolymerization and its application in biorefineries is a key area for future research and development.
ADVANCED SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Lei Zhong, Chao Wang, Guihua Yang, Jiachuan Chen, Feng Xu, Chang Geun Yoo, Gaojin Lyu
Summary: A microwave-assisted guanidine hydrochloride deep eutectic solvent was developed for the pretreatment of castor stalk, showing high efficiency in delignification and enzymatic saccharification, as well as excellent lignin recovery. The guanidine hydrochloride-based DES demonstrated good recyclability and high cellulose hydrolysis rates, making it a promising pretreatment solvent for future biorefinery strategies.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ying-Hong Xu, Xiao-Yu Li, Ming-Fei Li, Feng Peng, Jian-Feng Ma
Summary: Fractionating tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol lignin with different acetone concentrations can produce homogeneous lignin with high antioxidant capacity. The study demonstrated that the lignin samples had strong antioxidant activity compared to commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Hao Zhou, Qin Liu, Xiuhong Zhong, Yaqi Chu, Zhaojiang Wang, Yanqin Wang
Summary: Flow fractionation (FF) technology can be used to process the main components of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient utilization. Treatment of poplar wood with FF results in high purity products and greatly improved enzymatic digestibility, while preserving the structure of lignin and successfully transforming it into hydrocarbons.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Li Xu, Jiayin Zhang, Qiu-Jin Zong, Li Wang, Tao Xu, Junbo Gong, Zhi-Hua Liu, Bing-Zhi Li, Ying-Jin Yuan
Summary: The study utilized a high-solid ethylenediamine pretreatment method to develop a new aminolignin with high aqueous solubility and minimal condensed structures. Unique amination reactions introduced hydrophilic amine and amide groups into lignin substructures, enhancing lignin processability. This solid-state EDA pretreatment holds promise for improving lignin's solubility and minimizing condensation, potentially advancing lignin-first biomass fractionation.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jun Hee Jang, David G. Brandner, Reagan J. Dreiling, Arik J. Ringsby, Jeremy R. Bussard, Lisa M. Stanley, Renee M. Happs, Anjaneya S. Kovvali, Joshua I. Cutler, Tom Renders, James R. Bielenberg, Yuriy Roman-Leshkov, Gregg T. Beckham
Summary: Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is an effective method for selectively extracting and depolymerizing lignin from biomass. Multi-pass flow-through RCF reduces solvent demand without compromising delignification and monomer yield.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lara Lavrencic, Uttam Dhawa, Arthur Blumenstein, Xile Hu
Summary: Significant research efforts have been focused on the development of catalytic methods for lignocellulose depolymerization in the field of lignin biorefining. However, the conversion of obtained monomers into higher value-added products remains a key challenge in lignin valorization. In this study, copper-catalyzed reactions were utilized for benzylic functionalization of lignin-derived phenolics via the formation of hexafluoroisopropoxy-masked para-quinone methides (p-QMs). By controlling the rates of copper catalyst turnover and p-QM release, various unsaturated fragments suitable for further synthetic applications were successfully installed onto lignin-derived monomers.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Davide Di Francesco, Davide Rigo, Kiran Reddy Baddigam, Aji P. Mathew, Niklas Hedin, Maurizio Selva, Joseph S. M. Samec
Summary: In this study, a two-step procedure was developed to produce a thermoset material from sustainable sub-components. The cross-linking between KL lignin and AdA was activated using an acetylating agent, resulting in the formation of a cross-linking mixture. The esterification reactions were confirmed by spectroscopy, and the material transformed into a thermoset through heating.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Piriya Pinthong, Sarita Phupaichitkun, Suthasinee Watmanee, Rungkiat Nganglumpoon, Duangamol N. Tungasmita, Sukkaneste Tungasmita, Yuttanant Boonyongmaneerat, Nadtinan Promphet, Nadnudda Rodthongkum, Joongjai Panpranot
Summary: The synthesis of polycrystalline nanographene through CO2RR at room temperature has been achieved in this study. The morphology of the electrodeposited Bi/Sn electrocatalysts did not have significant influence on the final structure of the solid carbon products formed. The Bi-graphene composites produced show high potential in electrochemical sensor-related applications.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Daniel Papp, Thanya Rukkijakan, Daria Lebedeva, Tommy Nylander, Margareta Sandahl, Joseph S. M. Samec, Charlotta Turner
Summary: The increased interest in using lignin as a feedstock to produce aromatic compounds requires advanced chemical analysis methods for lignin characterization. This study presents a novel method for quantifying lignin dimers using supercritical fluid chromatography with charged aerosol detection. The method was validated using synthesized lignin dimers and found to be effective for quantification. The study also emphasizes the importance of chromatographic peak resolution and introduces a digital peak sharpening technique to address it.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Maxim Galkin, Joseph S. M. Samec
ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Matias Alvear, Federica Orabona, Kari Eranen, Juha Lehtonen, Sari Rautiainen, Martino Di Serio, Vincenzo Russo, Tapio Salmi
Summary: The direct epoxidation of light olefin mixtures with hydrogen peroxide and titanium silicalite (TS-1) catalyst has both scientific and practical significance, as it offers potential economic and environmental advantages.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
Cristiana Margarita, Davide Di Francesco, Helena Lundberg
Summary: Zirconocene triflate is a potent catalyst that can activate C-O bonds in carboxylic acids and alcohols without the need for water scavenging techniques. This article provides an overview of its use in direct amidation, esterification, and etherification reactions, as well as a discussion on the mechanistic aspects and catalyst class.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Martin Lawoko, Joseph S. M. Samec
Summary: Kraft pulping, a century-old process, has only recently seen commercial implementation of kraft lignin recovery in the past ten years. Lignin, as a by-product, is considered a sustainable material with immense potential, sparking significant research and development efforts to utilize kraft lignin. This article provides an overview of the current state of the field, highlighting recent examples of manipulating kraft lignin into thermoset materials or depolymerizing it for biofuels.
CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Valtteri Oksanen, Sari Rautiainen, Tom Wirtanen
Summary: This study presents a nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocoupling method for synthesizing bifuran motifs, using bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The protocol utilizes sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in a simple setup and avoids the use of a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor. The nickel-electrocatalyzed homocoupling is applied to the preparation of bifuran-based monomers, which are isolated using precipitation.
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nicolaas van Strien, Jukka Niskanen, Anneloes Berghuis, Holger Pohler, Sari Rautiainen
Summary: This study successfully synthesized high yields of FDCA methyl esters and demonstrated the feasibility of the process through scale-up experiments. The results of this study contribute to the valorization of agricultural by-products into fully renewable polyesters.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daria Lebedeva, Joseph S. M. Samec
Summary: Valorizing industrial side-streams is essential for sustainable biorefining. This study converted hemicellulose from kraft pulping into furfural with a 19% yield and further processed furfural into pentane and higher hydrocarbons with a 60% yield. The combination of Pd/C and ZSM-5 catalysts achieved full hydrodeoxygenation, generating aromatic or aliphatic compounds depending on reaction conditions. Using pentane as a carrier liquid enables a 100% renewable hydrocarbon stream.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maria-Ximena Ruiz-Caldas, Varvara Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura, Anna-Karin Hellstroem, Jutta Hildenbrand, Mikael Larsson, Aleksander Jaworski, Joseph S. M. Samec, Panu Lahtinen, Tekla Tammelin, Aji P. Mathew
Summary: We propose a new method for extracting cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from post-consumer cotton textiles by surface functionalization and mechanical treatment. The process involves esterification of cotton textiles using citric acid, followed by fibrillation in a microfluidizer. The resulting citrated cellulose nanocrystals (CitCNCs) exhibit higher yields and a higher surface group content compared to CNCs extracted through H2SO4 hydrolysis, although they have a broader size distribution and decreased thermal stability.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Cristiana Margarita, Davide Di Francesco, Hernando Tunon, Ivan Kumaniaev, Carlos Jansson Rada, Helena Lundberg
Summary: This study describes the direct etherification of wheat straw lignin and lignin model compounds using alcohols as reagents and zirconocene triflate as a moisture-tolerant Lewis acidic catalyst. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions without the need for water-scavenging techniques, resulting in the formation of a variety of ethers derived from lignin models with synthetic handles relevant for thermoset applications. The application of this protocol on wheat straw-derived lignin also demonstrated the first example of metal-catalyzed direct benzylic allylation of lignin using allyl alcohol as a reagent.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Daniel Papp, Thanya Rukkijakan, Daria Lebedeva, Tommy Nylander, Margareta Sandahl, Joseph S. M. Samec, Charlotta Turner
Summary: A novel method for universal quantification of lignin dimers based on supercritical fluid chromatography with charged aerosol detection (CAD) was developed and applied to quantify lignin dimers in an oil obtained by reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of birch sawdust. The applicability of linear regression and quadratic calibration curves for quantification was evaluated and found to be equally appropriate. The response factors of lignin dimers were compared and showed little variation, enabling the use of a single calibrant for these compounds. The importance of chromatographic peak resolution in CAD was stressed and addressed using a digital peak sharpening technique.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Daria Lebedeva, Samuel Hijmans, Aji P. Mathew, Elena Subbotina, Joseph S. M. Samec
Summary: This study systematically investigated lignin from coconut coir pith and explored its potential for renewable utilization, achieving positive results through two different valorization approaches.
ACS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)