Article
Engineering, Chemical
Barham Sharif Ahmed, Luqman Omar Hamasalih, Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Khalid M. Omer, Iqrash Shafiq
Summary: An effective oxidative desulfurization system was developed using three dicarboxylic acids to activate hydrogen peroxide, successfully reducing the sulfur content in diesel samples.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jasim I. Humadi, Saba A. Gheni, Safaa M. R. Ahmed, Ghassan H. Abdullah, Anh N. Phan, Adam P. Harvey
Summary: This study developed a highly efficient, rapid oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process for continuous removal of sulfur contaminants in diesel fuels. By optimizing the operating conditions, up to 94% of DBT could be removed in a short amount of time without the need for further extraction.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lifang Chen, Jin An Wang, Natali de la Fuente, Sinong Zhou, Peng Jiang, Yueqin Song, Xiaolong Zhou
Summary: This study focuses on the roles of structural defects, surface acidity, and catalytic properties of phosphotungstic acid grafted on Zr-doped MCM-41 catalysts in oxidative desulfurization, demonstrating the importance of these factors in improving catalytic activity for ultralow-sulfur fuel production.
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dinis F. Silva, Rui G. Faria, Isabel Santos-Vieira, Luis Cunha-Silva, Carlos M. Granadeiro, Salete S. Balula
Summary: The high costs of commercially available desulfurization technologies in the refinery industry call for the development of novel, efficient, and sustainable alternative processes. Nitrogen compounds also negatively affect the process efficiency. Thus, effective alternative methods capable of simultaneously removing sulfur and nitrogen from fuels under economic and sustainable procedures are desired in the petroleum industry. This study presents a sustainable catalytic process that combines oxidation and liquid-liquid extraction to efficiently remove sulfur and nitrogen from fuels. The catalyst used was a MIL-100(Fe)-based composite containing phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12) as the active center, which achieved complete desulfurization of a model fuel containing refractory sulfur and nitrogen compounds in just 30 minutes.
Article
Chemistry, Organic
A. V. Akopyan, A. O. Shlenova, P. D. Polikarpova, A. V. Vutolkina
Summary: A new heterogeneous catalyst with two types of active sites has been synthesized and shown to efficiently convert dibenzothiophene under specific conditions. The catalyst is stable under oxidation conditions and retains its activity after multiple cycles.
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Simone Fernandes, Daniela Flores, Daniel Silva, Isabel Santos-Vieira, Fatima Mirante, Carlos M. Granadeiro, Salete S. Balula
Summary: An effective and sustainable oxidative desulfurization process was developed using a composite material (EuW10@ZIF-8) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The composite exhibited remarkable desulfurization performance and excellent stability during multiple cycles.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Reem Ghubayra, Rana Yahya, Elena F. Kozhevnikova, Ivan Kozhevnikov
Summary: The Keggin-type heteropoly acids H3PMo12O40 and H3PW12O40 supported on activated carbon demonstrated high catalytic activity for oxidative desulfurization of model diesel fuel, influenced by the basicity of the carbon support. These catalysts, particularly the decomposed H3PW12O40, outperformed other heterogeneous catalysts for ODS by efficiently removing DBT from the fuel with high H2O2 efficiency and the ability to be recovered and reused without loss of activity. Additionally, DRIFTS studies provided insight into the mechanism of ODS reaction on carbon-supported HPAs.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Hanxiang Chen, Shuting Hou, Haoyuan Cui, Chao Wang, Ming Zhang, Hongping Li, Hui Xu, Jiqing Wu, Wenshuai Zhu
Summary: The interfacial properties and active site distribution of catalysts have a significant impact on catalytic oxidative desulfurization activity, which has been a research focus in recent years. In this study, an amphiphilic and polyoxometalate poly(ionic liquids) were prepared through cross-linking copolymerization and ion exchange reaction for desulfurization in fuel. The resulting sample, p-C2VIM-DVB-2-PMo, exhibited enhanced desulfurization performance and good thermal stability, meeting the requirements for deep desulfurization. Density functional theory calculations were also utilized to investigate the adsorption strength and interaction nature between the cation and sulfide compounds.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jing He, Shuaishuai Zhou, Peiwen Wu, Yingcheng Wu, Lianwen He, Linhua Zhu, Wenshuai Zhu, Huaming Li
Summary: The interface properties of metal oxides significantly affect the catalyst activity in the removal of organic sulfur pollutants in diesel fuels. By refining the interface, the hydrophilicity of defective metal oxides can be improved. This study demonstrates the use of carbon nanotubes as solid modifiers to enhance catalytic performance.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Simone Fernandes, Fatima Mirante, Baltazar de Castro, Carlos M. Granadeiro, Salete S. Balula
Summary: This study investigated the correlation between polyoxotungstate structures and their catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization processes. Results showed that the Lindqvist catalyst achieved faster desulfurization with lesser amount of catalyst and oxidant. The reusability of the Lindqvist-type catalyst was also confirmed for consecutive oxidative desulfurization processes.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Dinara Muktaly, Argam Akopyan, Zhannur Myltykbaeva, Yerzhan Imanbayev
Summary: This study presents the results of the oxidative desulfurization process, which demonstrates the possibility of obtaining a gasoline fraction with ultra-low sulfur content through oxidation and rectification of gas condensate. Optimum conditions for sulfur compound oxidation and subsequent gas condensate rectification have been determined.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kunyue Leng, Zheng Han, Dingding Li, Xiaolin Li, Yi Wang, Hang Zhao
Summary: Ti-containing porous materials are extensively studied for liquid-phase oxidative desulfurization, showing excellent performance with organic oxidants but relatively poor affinity with H2O2. However, a Ti-MIL-101 catalyst was developed to improve efficiency in oxidative reactions with H2O2, reducing sulfur content and increasing TOF value.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
A. Akopyan, E. A. Eseva, N. Arzyaeva, M. Yu Talanova, P. D. Polikarpova
Summary: This study investigated the oxidative desulfurization of straight-run naphtha fraction using a heterogeneous catalyst containing two active sites. By combining an acid component and a transition metal, the catalyst HPMo-NA-SBA-15 with SBA-15 support demonstrated high performance. The binding of nicotinic acid fragments to the support and phosphomolybdic acid anion prevented the loss of the active phase, leading to stable catalyst performance in multiple oxidation/regeneration cycles. Under optimized conditions, a naphtha fraction with ultralow sulfur content (5 ppm) was obtained.
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Lin-Jie Lu, Pei-Wen Wu, Jing He, Ming-Qing Hua, Yan-Hong Chao, Ning Yang, Lin-Lin Chen, Wei Jiang, Lei Fan, Hong-Bing Ji, Wen-Shuai Zhu
Summary: A metal-free N-hydroxyphthalimide/hexagonal boron nitride (NHPI/h-BN) catalytic system was developed for deep oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of fuel oils. The loading of NHPI on h-BN not only improves the dispersion and utilization of NHPI, but also enhances the catalytic performance. The NHPI/h-BN catalyst, together with azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the metal-free initiator, achieves a 95% conversion of dibenzothiophene (DBT) under specific reaction conditions. The heterogenization process facilitates the regeneration of the catalyst, with >94% DBT conversion after being recycled seven times.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jie Zhao, Bingquan Wang, Rui Wang, Ivan V. Kozhevnikov, Korchak Vladimir
Summary: Amphiphilic hybrid catalysts were prepared by modifying [SMo12O40](2-) with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide (BMIMBr), and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ODAB). The catalysts were characterized by various techniques and showed favorable activity for removing sulfur compounds at room temperature in model oil and actual diesel. Different catalysts exhibited varying levels of removal effect, with [TBA](2)SMo12O40 catalyst showing the best performance.
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Carlos M. Granadeiro, Diana Juliao, Susana O. Ribeiro, Luis Cunha-Silva, Salete S. Balula
Summary: Lanthanopolyoxometalates (LnPOMs), formed by the coordination of polyoxometalates (POMs) and lanthanide ions (Ln), have attracted widespread interest in the scientific community due to their unique physico-chemical properties. Various LnPOM architectures have been reported using different vacant POM structures as building blocks. The design and fabrication of LnPOM-based materials have been extensively explored for applications in catalysis, imaging, magnetism, sensing, and other areas.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Silvia Carvalho, Rosana V. Pinto, Joao Pires, Joao Rocha, Fernando Antunes, Moises L. Pinto
Summary: Four PEG composites were synthesized and characterized for their adsorption and release performance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO). Cytotoxicity studies showed that the PEG composites had no toxicity to human cells.
MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mohamed M. A. Soliman, Carlos M. M. Granadeiro, Salete S. S. Balula, Armando J. L. Pombeiro, Kamran T. T. Mahmudov, Elisabete C. B. A. Alegria
Summary: In this study, two aquasoluble Fe-III complexes (Fe1 and Fe2) were incorporated into amine-functionalized SBA-15 support, and the resulting composites (Fe1@aptesSBA-15 and Fe2@aptesSBA-15) were used as heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of furfuryl alcohol. The successful preparation of the composites was confirmed by various characterization methods. The catalysts showed high activity and recyclability for the conversion reaction under mild conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ana Pinheiro, Andreia Ruivo, Joao Rocha, Marta Ferro, Joana Vaz Pinto, Jonas Deuermeier, Tiago Mateus, Ana Santa, Manuel J. J. Mendes, Rodrigo Martins, Sandra Gago, Cesar A. T. Laia, Hugo Aguas
Summary: The present study aims to enhance the performance of solar cells by developing advanced luminescent down-shifting using encapsulated nanostructured perovskite materials. Thin films of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystal luminophores were synthesized and encapsulated with parylene type C to protect and stabilize the films. The results showed that this encapsulation technique significantly improved the current generation and spectral response of the photovoltaic cells.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Cristina Peinado, Jose M. Campos-Martin, Sergio Rojas
Summary: This paper investigates a trilobe-shaped phosphotungstic acid-based catalyst synthesized by impregnation for the dehydration of ethanol. The catalyst has shown excellent activity, achieving equilibrium ethanol conversion under different reaction conditions. By optimizing the conditions, the selectivity towards ethylene was maximized, and the catalyst has demonstrated good activity for bio-ethylene production.
REACTION CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Beatriz Matos, Mary Batista, Joao Pires
Summary: In the face of global warming and the energy crisis, it is crucial to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4 and recycle biomethane from landfill biogas. This study demonstrates the potential of converting glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, into activated carbon using potassium acetate as an activating agent. The activated carbon exhibits high adsorption capacities for CO2 and CH4, with selectivity values that enable effective separation. Additionally, the study finds that the CO2 emissions produced during activated carbon synthesis can be easily neutralized through their use in small biogas production units.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
(2023)
Correction
Engineering, Chemical
Vanessa Solsona, Silvia Morales-de la Rosa, Oreste De Luca, Harrie Jansma, Bart van der Linden, Petra Rudolf, Jose M. Campos-Martin, Maria Emma Borges, Ignacio Melian-Cabrera
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mary Batista, Renato Carvalho, Moises L. Pinto, Joao Pires
Summary: Glycerin and dopamine were used as precursors to prepare microporous activated carbon adsorbent materials for the separation of ethane/ethylene and natural gas or landfill gas components. The activated carbons were produced through carbonization and chemical activation, with the introduction of nitrogenated groups to improve selectivity. Methane had the lowest adsorption capacity on the most effective material, followed by carbon dioxide, ethylene, and ethane.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Silvia Carvalho, Joao Pires, Cristina Moiteiro, Moises L. Pinto
Summary: A new imine-linked polymer organic framework with microporosity and temperature stability has been synthesized using inexpensive reagents. The material has a higher capacity to adsorb NO compared to H2S. This study explores the potential use of the framework in the therapeutic release of NO or H2S.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Marta Lara-Serrano, Daniela M. Sboiu, Silvia Morales-delaRosa, Jose M. Campos-Martin
Summary: This study investigated the dissolution of lignocellulosic biomass in an inorganic salt hydrate (ZnCl2·4H(2)O) and the subsequent precipitation with water for compound separation. Optimal conditions were determined to be 24 h and 70 degrees C. XRD, SEM, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to analyze and identify the obtained solids. Solid I consisted of undissolved lignin and unreacted cellulose, Solid II was cellulose-rich with a low portion of hemicellulose and lignin, and Solid III was mainly pure lignin. Hemicellulose was mainly dissolved and hydrolyzed during the dissolution treatment, and the amount present in all solids was minimal. Tests on Solid I and Solid II in a hydrolysis reaction showed improved conversion and yield of sugars. Solid II produced a large amount of total reducing sugars with a selectivity of 78-88%, depending on the starting biomass.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
R. Simoes, J. Rodrigues, C. M. Granadeiro, L. Rino, V. Neto, T. Monteiro, G. Goncalves
Summary: Luminescent lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (LnMOF) are proposed as a solution for anti-counterfeiting, using a quick-response (QR) code based on luminescent LnMOF-based composite. The composites exhibit specific optical properties that can only be unlocked using a sequence of stimulation.
MATERIALS TODAY CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Andreia Forte, Sandra Gago, Celso Alves, Joana Silva, Joana Alves, Rui Pedrosa, Cesar A. T. Laia, Isabel M. Marrucho, Luis C. Branco
Summary: This study explores the formulation of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) or organic salts based on lanthanides as anions. A set of choline-family-based salts, along with two other cation families, were combined with Gadolinium(III) and Terbium(III) anions. The magnetic moments of the lanthanides were found to be correlated with the structural features of the cation, and most of the prepared compounds were non-toxic to cells.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Luis Filipe, Telma de Sousa, Dario Silva, Miguel M. Santos, Manuela Ribeiro Carrott, Patricia Poeta, Luis C. Branco, Sandra Gago
Summary: The combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of ionic liquids or organic salts (API-OSILs) with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as drug carriers can enhance the capabilities of current antibiotics, especially against resistant strains of bacteria. In this study, three nanomaterials based on the modification of MSN surface with different ionic liquids coupled with anionic ciprofloxacin were prepared. These materials showed no cytotoxicity and exhibited improved antibacterial activity against both resistant and sensitive strains of K. pneumoniae. One particular nanomaterial, [MSN-Chol][Cip], showed significant enhancement with a tenfold decrease in MIC against sensitive strains. The importance of this study is rated at 8 out of 10 for its potential application in combating antibiotic resistance.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yan Gao, Carlos M. Granadeiro, Luis Cunha-Silva, Jianshe Zhao, Salete S. Balula
Summary: In this study, the highly active peroxomolybdate (PMo4) was incorporated into various porous MOF support structures to form heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidative desulfurization of model diesel. The catalytic efficiency of the PMo4@MOF catalysts was significantly influenced by the size of the window entrance and pore dimension from the MOF support. PMo4@MIL-101 showed the highest catalytic efficiency, followed by PMo4@MOF-808 and PMo4@ZIF-8. PMo4@MIL-101 also demonstrated remarkable recycle capacity and structural stability. The appropriate window and pore size cavities from MIL-101 support were found to be the most suitable for organosulfur oxidation.
CATALYSIS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Qingyuan Zheng, Jack H. Williams, Scott Elgersma, Mick D. Mantle, Andrew J. Sederman, G. Leendert Bezemer, Constant M. Guedon, Lynn F. Gladden
Summary: In this study, a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor compatible with NMR/MRI was developed for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Multiple magnetic resonance techniques were applied to quantitatively characterize different product species within catalyst pellets, providing valuable information for catalyst and reactor optimization.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lisa Ramisch, Sebastian Pfaff, Sabrina M. Gericke, Edvin Lundgren, Johan Zetterberg
Summary: We present a combination of optical operando techniques that allow simultaneous measurement of adsorbed species on catalyst surfaces, monitoring of surface oxide formation, and imaging of the gas phase above the catalyst surface. The experimental setup was validated by studying CO oxidation on Pd(100) at different pressures, revealing the effects of pressure on the heterogeneous catalytic reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Marta Paniagua, Gabriel Morales, Juan A. Melero, Daniel Garcia-Salgado
Summary: The influence of common impurities in levulinic acid on the catalytic performance of different acid catalysts for bio-jet fuel production was studied. It was found that furfural had the greatest detrimental effect on catalyst performance, while propyl-sulfonic acid-modified SBA-15 and sulfonic acid resin Amberlyst-70 showed good regeneration ability.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jesus Tapiador, Pedro Leo, Guillermo Calleja, Gisela Orcajo
Summary: This study presents a new MOF material, Zn-URJC-13, with acid and basic sites, permanent porosity, and high affinity to CO2 molecules. The Zn-URJC-13 catalyst exhibits efficient performance in CO2 cycloaddition reactions and can be reused multiple times.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dan Zhao, Vita A. Kondratenko, Dmitry E. Doronkin, Shanlei Han, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Uwe Rodemerck, David Linke, Evgenii V. Kondratenko
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of cheap and commercially available Zr or Ti-based supports and ZnO to serve as active and selective catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The catalytically active species formed in situ under PDH conditions consist of isolated ZnOx. ZnOx on the surface of LaZrOx shows the highest rate of propene formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hanbyeol Kim, Jung Rae Kim, Young-Kwon Park, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Jungho Jae
Summary: In this study, metal phosphates were used as catalysts for biomass conversion to produce sustainable aromatics through DielsAlder cycloaddition reactions. The effects of synthesis method, activation method, and P/Ti molar ratio on the structure and acid properties of titanium phosphate catalysts were systematically studied. The mesoporous titanium phosphate catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal method at 180℃ for 12 h followed by ethanol refluxing at 60℃ for 24 h at a molar P/Ti ratio of 1 showed the highest surface area and acid site density.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yasin Khani, Sumin Pyo, Kwang-Eun Jeong, Chul-Ung Kim, Moonis Ali Khan, Byong-Hun Jeon, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Siyoung Q. Choi, Young-Kwon Park
Summary: A protonated form of Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (H-ZSM-5) catalyst was synthesized through a hydrothermal method using different sources of silica. The effect of loading the catalyst with yttrium, samarium, and gadolinium on the acidic properties was investigated. Among the metal-loaded catalysts, the Sm/LHZ catalyst showed the best performance in the methanol to propylene conversion due to its high amount of weak and intermediate acid sites, while the Gd-LHZ catalyst increased the selectivity towards ethane and propane.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Michael Franc, Ivana Cisarova, Jan Vesely
Summary: The present study investigates an enantioselective cyclization of enals with imidazolone derivatives catalyzed by a combination of achiral Pd(0) complex and chiral secondary amine. Corresponding spirocyclic imidazolones were produced in high yields with moderate diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. The developed co-operative catalytic methodology provides a highly substituted spirocyclic scaffold with four stereogenic centers under mild conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Mauro Alvarez, Jennifer Cueto, David P. Serrano, Pablo Marin, Salvador Ordonez
Summary: This study focuses on improving the formulation and preparation methods of catalysts for the production of dimethyl carbonate. By using suitable catalyst preparation methods and copper salt precursors, the researchers successfully produced catalysts with optimal performance for dimethyl carbonate formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Claudia J. Keijzer, Luc C. J. Smulders, Dennie Wezendonk, Jan Willem de Rijk, Petra E. de Jongh
Summary: This study investigates the catalytic behavior of alpha-alumina supported silver catalysts in the presence of chloride. It is found that the particle size of silver can affect the selectivity of the catalyst, but different strategies lead to different results. In this size range, the selectivity of ethylene oxide is correlated to the Ag : Al2O3 surface ratio.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Takeshi Aihara, Wataru Aoki, Michikazu Hara, Keigo Kamata
Summary: The development of acid-base bifunctional catalysts is important for promoting specific chemical transformations. In this study, Ti-based perovskite oxides were synthesized and used as catalysts for two C-C bond-forming reactions (cyanosilylation and Knoevenagel condensation). The highly pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles with a high specific surface area exhibited the highest catalytic performance, and could be easily recovered and reused.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Olga Gorlova, Petra Pribylova, Eliska Vyskocilova, Katerina Peroutkova, Jan Kohout, Iva Paterova
Summary: This study investigates the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of beta-cyclocitral using tin-modified mixed oxides as catalysts. The optimal reaction conditions and the effects of various factors on the reaction course and selectivity were determined. The results show that tin-modified mixed oxides exhibit high activity and selectivity in the oxidation reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
M. I. Avila, M. M. Alonso-Doncel, L. Briones, G. Gomez-Pozuelo, J. M. Escola, D. P. Serrano, A. Peral, J. A. Botas
Summary: The catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin using ion-exchanged zeolite catalysts showed significant improvements in bio-oil quality and the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Enrico Catizzone, Giorgia Ferrarelli, Paolo Bruno, Girolamo Giordano, Massimo Migliori
Summary: The acid-catalysed alcohol conversion reaction is a promising route for de-fossilization strategies. Research on pure alcohol conversion and simultaneous dehydration of mixed alcohols have shown different product compositions, with the type and distribution of acid sites affecting the reaction mechanism.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Alireza Ranjbari, Juho Kim, Jihee Yu, Jiyun Kim, Mireu Park, Nayoung Kim, Kristof Demeestere, Philippe M. Heynderickx
Summary: This study investigated a novel kinetic model for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using commercial ZnO and reduced ZnO photocatalysts. The results provided new insights into the interaction of catalysts with molecules of different charges and compared with a previous study on methylene blue. The presence of oxygen vacancies in ZnO and their effects on adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were analyzed, and the photocatalytic degradation rate of reduced ZnO was found to increase significantly.