Review
Biology
Anais N. Bauer, Niska Majumdar, Frank Williams, Smit Rajput, Lok R. Pokhrel, Paul P. Cook, Shaw M. Akula
Summary: Viral outbreaks pose obstacles to human health, and understanding viral pathology is crucial for developing methods to combat infection. The relatively new field of miRNA research in virology has shown that miRNAs play important roles in gene expression regulation. Changes in miRNA expression can either help the host fight infections or be exploited by viruses to enhance infection. Uncovering these interactions and their implications can guide therapeutic and diagnostic advancements. miRNA technology has market potential and is already being used in commercial biopharmaceuticals. Further research into the functions of miRNAs during infection and their therapeutic potential can contribute to strategies against current and future viral pathogens.
Review
Fisheries
Scott MacAulay, Amy R. Ellison, Peter Kille, Joanne Cable
Summary: Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial in mitigating the impact of infectious diseases in aquatic environments, but it can be challenging due to hidden biodiversity and physical constraints. Traditional diagnostics like visual diagnosis and histopathology are still widely used, but newer technologies such as portable next generation sequencing and artificial intelligence are being tested for early diagnosis. Future methods like AI image diagnosis and drone surveillance have the potential to reduce labor costs without compromising sensitivity, but they require investment in capital and infrastructure.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2022)
Review
Virology
Emily N. Kirby, Byron Shue, Paul Q. Thomas, Michael R. Beard
Summary: Understanding the relationship between viral pathogens and cellular host factors is crucial for studying viral replication and disease mechanisms. CRISPR genome editing technology has greatly advanced this understanding and is being used to investigate the viral life cycle and repurpose for diagnostics.
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Johanna Hol Fosse, Guttorm Haraldsen, Knut Falk, Reidunn Edelmann
Summary: The role of endothelial cells in COVID-19 and other viral infections is crucial, as they impact virus invasion and the body's immune response. The deterioration of endothelial function is closely related to the severity of the disease, highlighting the importance of studying how viruses modulate endothelial cell function.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tahir Farooq, Muhammad Adeel, Zifu He, Muhammad Umar, Noman Shakoor, Washington da Silva, Wade Elmer, Jason C. White, Yukui Rui
Summary: The emerging field of Nanophytovirology offers a potential approach to combat plant viral diseases by utilizing nanoparticles with special physiochemical properties to interact with viruses and host plants in specific ways. Despite limited research, this multidisciplinary nanotechnology-based approach shows promising potential for timely detection, treatment, and prevention of viral diseases in plants.
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Heinz-Peter Schultheiss, Christian Baumeier, Heiko Pietsch, C-Thomas Bock, Wolfgang Poller, Felicitas Escher
Summary: Infection of the heart muscle with cardiotropic viruses is a major cause of myocarditis and acute and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy, posing a significant public health issue globally. Advances in molecular genetic analysis of intramyocardial viruses have improved our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral infections of the heart muscle.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Cell Biology
Ana Rita Ferreira, Mariana Marques, Bruno Ramos, Jonathan C. Kagan, Daniela Ribeiro
Summary: Peroxisomes, essential subcellular organelles, play crucial roles in lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism, and have recently been recognized as key players in viral infections. They are involved in both cellular antiviral response and proviral functions. Targeting peroxisome-related mechanisms may represent a promising strategy for the development of novel antiviral approaches in the future.
TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Fernando G. Mazur, Leandro M. Morinisi, Junior Olimpio Martins, Pedro Pontes Bueno Guerra, Caio C. M. Freire
Summary: The South American continent exhibits a diverse range of biomes that are increasingly threatened by human activity. In this study, we explored South American-related public databases to detect signals relevant to virosphere research. Through analyzing 120 sequence read archives metagenomes, we found that only a small percentage of sequences were from viruses, with a higher proportion of RNA viruses. The most important viral sequences were identified in aquatic samples from the Amazon River, sewage from Brasilia, and soil from the state of Sao Paulo, while animal transmission patterns were detected in mosquitoes from Rio Janeiro and Bats from Amazonia. Further analysis of viral signals allowed us to infer the likely host range and identify specific viruses with emergence potential. Our results also highlighted the importance of reference database size and type, the percentage of guanine-cytosine (GC), and the length of query sequences in taxonomic classification. Overall, our findings demonstrate the value of exploring public genomic databases for epidemiological surveillance and understanding the virosphere.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Nick P. G. Gauthier, Samuel D. Chorlton, Mel Krajden, Amee R. Manges
Summary: The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has revolutionized the field of microbial genomics and provided new molecular methods for infectious disease diagnostics. However, current targeted approaches still rely on prior knowledge of a pathogen's genome, limiting their ability to detect unknown or untargeted pathogens. Metagenomic sequencing, on the other hand, can sequence all detectable nucleic acids in a sample, making it a promising diagnostic tool. This review discusses recent advancements in metagenomic viral sequencing and its applications in clinical laboratories, as well as the challenges hindering its widespread adoption.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Alex van Belkum, Carina Almeida, Benjamin Bardiaux, Sarah V. Barrass, Sarah J. Butcher, Tugce Caykara, Sounak Chowdhury, Rucha Datar, Ian Eastwood, Adrian Goldman, Manisha Goyal, Lotta Happonen, Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre, Theis Jacobsen, Pirjo H. Johnson, Volkhard A. J. Kempf, Andreas Kiessling, Juan Leva Bueno, Anchal Malik, Johan Malmstrom, Ina Meuskens, Paul A. Milner, Michael Nilges, Nicole Pamme, Sally A. Peyman, Ligia R. Rodrigues, Pablo Rodriguez-Mateos, Maria G. Sande, Carla Joana Silva, Aleksandra Cecylia Stasiak, Thilo Stehle, Arno Thibau, Diana J. Vaca, Dirk Linke
Summary: Infectious diseases pose a significant health threat and require precise diagnostics and treatments. Adhesins, microbial molecules that interact with host cells, play an important role in infection and can enhance the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic tests.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Maria-Carmen Marques, Javier Sanchez-Vicente, Rau'l Ruiz, Roser Montagud-Martinez, Rosa Marquez-Costa, Gustavo Gomez, Alberto Carbonell, Jose-Antonio Daros, Guillermo Rodrigo
Summary: This article introduces a method for rapid detection of viruses in plants using CRISPR technology. By utilizing the CRISPR-Cas12a and CRISPR-Cas13a/d systems, different RNA viruses can be detected, and real-time detection can be performed in field conditions.
ACS SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Hareem Mohsin, Azka Asif, Minhaj Fatima, Yasir Rehman
Summary: Since ancient times, humans have faced deadly microbial infections, with viruses constantly evolving and leading to new types and strains. The emergence of new viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in significant loss of life and economic burden globally. To prevent future outbreaks, an early detection system should be established, ideally utilizing metagenomics to monitor potential sources of emerging pathogens.
ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Lynda Coughlan, Eric J. Kremer, Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov
Summary: Zoonotic viruses pose a continuous threat, and investing in vaccine development is crucial. Replication-defective adenoviral vectors have shown potential as vaccine platforms. This review discusses the progress in using Ad-based vaccines against emerging viruses and summarizes their global safety profile during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Review
Virology
Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
Summary: Viral metagenomics has provided a new insight into identification of unknown or less studied viruses, particularly in blood samples. However, it is challenging to determine the impact of a viral agent on blood transfusion solely based on metagenomic analysis, as it requires consideration of the virus's pathogenicity, stability in blood, and presence in infectious form for transmission.
Article
Immunology
Cheri Grigg, Kelly A. Jackson, Devra Barter, Christopher A. Czaja, Helen Johnston, Ruth Lynfield, Paula Snippes Vagnone, Laura Tourdot, Nancy Spina, Ghinwa Dumyati, P. Maureen Cassidy, Rebecca Pierce, Emily Henkle, D. Rebecca Prevots, Max Salfinger, Kevin L. Winthrop, Nadege Charles Toney, Shelley S. Magill
Summary: Surveillance for nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections is important for understanding the disease burden and patient characteristics. A pilot surveillance program was conducted in four geographic areas to monitor pulmonary and extrapulmonary NTM infections.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Thanwarat Sukonta, Saengchan Senapin, Watcharachai Meemetta, Thawatchai Chaijarasphong
Summary: A novel detection platform for SDDV based on CRISPR-Cas12a and recombinase polymerase amplification technology has been developed, showing high sensitivity and specificity for rapid and accurate diagnosis of SDDV. This user-friendly method can be completed within an hour at room temperature, potentially serving as a valuable tool for combating large-scale epidemics in fish farming communities.
JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Fisheries
Andrew C. Barnes, Oleksandra Silayeva, Matt Landos, Ha Thanh Dong, Angela Lusiastuti, Le Hong Phuoc, Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville
Summary: Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis, especially in aquaculture where antibiotics are often used without proper information and record-keeping. Vaccination with autogenous vaccines may be a cost-effective solution to reduce antibiotic use, particularly in low- and middle-income countries with limited veterinary support.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Thao Thu Mai, Pattanapon Kayansamruaj, Chayanit Soontara, Pattarawit Kerddee, Dinh-Hung Nguyen, Saengchan Senapin, Janina Z. Costa, Jorge del-Pozo, Kim D. Thompson, Channarong Rodkhum, Ha Thanh Dong
Summary: Immunization of tilapia broodstock with TiLV vaccines can induce antibody response and transfer maternal antibodies to fertilized eggs and larvae, providing protection against TiLV. HKV appears to be more promising than FKV for maternal vaccination.
Article
Fisheries
Le Thanh Dien, Nguyen Vu Linh, Thao Thu Mai, Saengchan Senapin, Sophie St-Hilaire, Channarong Rodkhum, Ha Thanh Dong
Summary: Injection of ozone nanobubbles into water reduces bacterial load, improves dissolved oxygen, and modulates the fish innate immune system. This study investigates the effect of oxygen and ozone nanobubbles on a specific phage and finds that ozone nanobubbles can eradicate the phage while improving its adherence to fish body surfaces and penetration into internal organs. The use of ozone nanobubbles shows potential in reducing viral load in aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Todsaporn Bunpote, Pakkakul Sangsuriya, Saengchan Senapin, Prapansak Srisapoome, Pongsak Khunrae, Sasimanas Unajak, Ha Thanh Dong, Triwit Rattanarojpong
Summary: The study identified OmpA through immunoproteomic methods as a potential candidate for developing a recombinant vaccine against E. ictaluri infection in Nile tilapia. Immunization with recombinant OmpA protein induced specific antibody production and exhibited bacterial agglutination properties in fish serum. Partial protection was observed in Nile tilapia immunized with OmpA vaccine.
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Nguyen Vu Linh, Le Thanh Dien, Pattiya Sangpo, Saengchan Senapin, Anat Thapinta, Wattana Panphut, Sophie St-Hilaire, Channarong Rodkhum, Ha Thanh Dong
Summary: Nanobubble technology has potential applications in aquaculture and can enhance immune responses in fish. Pre-treatment with ozone nanobubbles improves the efficacy of immersion vaccination against Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile tilapia.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Ignacio Vasquez, Julio Retamales, Barbara Parra, Vimbai Machimbirike, James Robeson, Javier Santander
Summary: In this study, we sequenced and described the complete genome of the polyvalent phage fp01, which has 109,515 bp and 158 coding sequences (CDSs). The phage fp01 has genes with high similarity to Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella sp. phages. The receptor-binding protein gp108 was identified as potentially responsible for fp01 polyvalent characteristics.
Review
Fisheries
Olga L. M. Haenen, Ha Thanh Dong, Truong Dinh Hoai, Margaret Crumlish, Iddya Karunasagar, Timothy Barkham, Swaine L. Chen, Ruth Zadoks, Andreas Kiermeier, Bing Wang, Esther Garrido Gamarro, Masami Takeuchi, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Belen Fouz, Rolando Pakingking, Zeng Wei Wei, Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso
Summary: Tilapia culture is a significant source of income and nutrition for rural families. However, intensification and global warming have led to bacterial disease outbreaks in tilapia farms, threatening sustainable production. This review provides an overview of common and emerging bacterial pathogens, diseases, diagnostics, and the risks of antimicrobial resistance in tilapia.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2023)
Review
Fisheries
Ha Thanh Dong, Thawatchai Chaijarasphong, Andrew C. Barnes, Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville, Peiyu Alison Lee, Saengchan Senapin, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan, Kathy F. J. Tang, Sharon E. McGladdery, Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso
Summary: The article "Diagnostics for diseases of tilapia: From basic to molecular diagnosis" explores the importance of the three levels of diagnostics for diseases of tilapia, particularly the frequently overlooked basic procedures. The article also covers current and emerging molecular diagnostic technologies for tilapia pathogens, and discusses future developments for transferring these technologies to farmers and stakeholders for a sustainable aquatic food system transformation.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Vimbai Irene Machimbirike, Ignacio Vasquez, Trung Cao, Joy Chukwu-Osazuwa, Oluwatoyin Onireti, Cristopher Segovia, Pongsak Khunrae, Triwit Rattanarojpong, Marije Booman, Simon Jones, Manuel Soto-Davila, Brian Dixon, Javier Santander
Summary: This study investigates the genetic differences and evolution of the most common fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1. The O1 strain has two chromosomes and two typical plasmids. Furthermore, the O1 strain displays resistance to colistin sulphate, which differs from the O2 serotype and may be attributed to the ugd gene. The study also reveals that the genetic heterogeneity in the O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster is characterized by the absence or presence of unique genes, which could result in differences in immune evasion mechanisms among serotypes.
Article
Fisheries
Nguyen Tien Vinh, Ha Thanh Dong, Nguyen Giang Thu Lan, Pakkakul Sangsuriya, Krishna R. Salin, Satid Chatchaiphan, Saengchan Senapin
Summary: In this study, the immune responses of Asian seabass fry at 35 and 42 days post-hatching to a heat-killed Streptococcus iniae vaccine were investigated. It was found that fish at both stages could produce specific antibodies against the pathogen, with the 42-day fry showing a faster response. These findings suggest that early vaccination of Asian seabass fry between 35 and 42 days post-hatching is feasible.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Sumit Vinod Jungi, Vimbai Irene Machimbirike, Nguyen Vu Linh, Pakkakul Sangsuriya, Krishna R. Salin, Saengchan Senapin, Ha Thanh Dong
Summary: This study explores the application of synthetic peptides as potential vaccine candidates for the prevention of NNV in Asian seabass. Three predicted immunogenic B cell epitopes were selected and synthesized, and the interaction between these peptides and Asian seabass's MHC class II was confirmed. The peptides exhibited both antigenic and immunogenic properties, suggesting their potential as vaccine candidates for preventing NNV infection in fish.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Ramida Phasunon, Suwimon Taengphu, Wattana Panphut, Satid Chatchaiphan, Ha Thanh Dong, Saengchan Senapin
Summary: A newly developed probe-based qPCR method for the detection of S. iniae was reported in this study. The method demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity, and can be applied for the diagnosis and surveillance of S. iniae infections in fish populations.
JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Nguyen Vu Linh, Nareerat Khongcharoen, Dinh-Hung Nguyen, Le Thanh Dien, Naruporn Rungrueng, Chayuda Jhunkeaw, Pattiya Sangpo, Saengchan Senapin, Toungporn Uttarotai, Wattana Panphut, Sophie St-Hilaire, Hien Van Doan, Ha Thanh Dong
Summary: This study investigated the effects of oxygen nanobubble treatment on Nile tilapia. The results showed that both short-term and long-term exposure to high oxygen levels did not have obvious adverse effects on the fish, although there were some changes in the gut microbiome.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Hunter S. Bailey, Ashley N. Fincannon, Lee A. Fuiman
Summary: This study investigated the transfer of fatty acids from broodstock diets to eggs and the time needed for the eggs to equilibrate to the diet in Southern flounder. The findings indicate that different diet treatments significantly affect the fatty acid composition of eggs, and it takes 8-16 weeks for the eggs to adapt to changes in the adult diet. These results are important for improving broodstock diets and feeding protocols in stock-enhancement programs.
Article
Fisheries
Yu Liu, Mingtao Lei, Hector Victor, Yan Wang
Summary: This study confirms the feasibility of replacing raw fish diet with a formulated diet in commercial farming of large yellow croaker, which can increase fish survival and yield, and reduce feed cost and body lipid deposition.
Article
Fisheries
Xiaoyan Zhang, Lize San, Yucong Yang, Yuehong Tao, Jiangong Ren, Yufeng Liu, Zhongwei He, Jiashuo Di, Ziteng Pei, Guixing Wang, Jilun Hou
Summary: Gynogenesis is an effective technique for establishing homogeneous lines and confirming potential chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination in fish. This study successfully induced gynogenetic families in Thamnaconus modestus and established a complete method for gynogenesis induction.
Article
Fisheries
Julieta C. Martinelli, Megan Considine, Helen R. Casendino, Carolyn M. Tarpey, Isadora Jimenez-Hidalgo, Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamino, Teri L. King, Lorenz Hauser, Steven Rumrill, Chelsea L. Wood
Summary: Shell-boring polychaetes have caused significant damage to mariculture operations worldwide, particularly in the US Pacific region. This study provides a comprehensive dataset on the prevalence, species distribution, and environmental associations of these parasites, highlighting the impact of season, culturing methods, and environmental factors on infestation.
Article
Fisheries
Juan Gao, Xueshan Li, Kangle Lu, Kai Song, Jian Zhang, Ling Wang, Chunxiao Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and metamorphosis rate of bullfrog tadpoles. The optimal dietary protein level for bullfrog tadpoles was estimated to be 42.49%-46.50% of the diet.
Article
Fisheries
Qiang Li, Lijun Duan, Dongsheng Jin, Yuxin Chen, Yirong Lou, Qianjin Zhou, Zhongjie Xu, Fangjie Chen, Hongxian Chen, Guizong Xu, Maocang Yan, Guanjun Yang, Jianfei Lu, Yanjun Zhang, Jiong Chen
Summary: This study developed a centrifugal microfluidic chip with on-chip RPA to detect five pathogenic microorganisms. The chip enabled the parallel analysis of six genetic markers from a single sample and allowed for the highly automated detection of multiple samples. Compared with PCR and DNA sequencing, the on-chip RPA assay showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting multiple pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Xingchen Huo, Pengxu Wang, Fengxia Zhao, Qian Liu, Qingqing Tian, Lingjie Tang, Maolin Lv, Zhaohui Wei, Chunrong Yang, Jianguo Su
Summary: Bacterial diseases in aquaculture ponds have negative effects on sustainable development. The use of composite I20 biotherapy has been shown to effectively treat bacterial diseases in bullfrog ponds, providing a new strategy for controlling bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Peng Yin, Takaya Saito, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, Bjorn Tharandur Bjornsson, Sofie Charlotte Remo, Sandeep Sharma, Rolf Erik Olsen, Kristin Hamre
Summary: This study aims to investigate the effect of seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod on the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon at the molecular level. The research findings suggest that the changing photoperiod and temperature influenced the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon, highlighting the importance of oxidative status in the ecological implications.
Article
Fisheries
Nicholas Oppong Mensah, Jeffery Kofi Asare, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku Mensah, Ernest Christlieb Amrago, Frank Osei Tutu, Anthony Donkor
Summary: This study investigates aquaculture farmers' preference for climate-smart aquaculture insurance products, the challenges they face, and their preferred insurance coverage. The results show that farmers prefer Climate-Induced Aquaculture Stock Mortality Insurance and the most significant constraint is the delay in claim settlement.
Article
Fisheries
Qiu-Ping Chai, Pei Wu, Wei-Dan Jiang, Yang Liu, Hong-Mei Ren, Xiao-Wan Jin, Lin Feng, Xiao-Qiu Zhou
Summary: The study found that appropriate levels of potassium diformate (KDF) can enhance the immune defense and mediate the inflammatory process in fish, possibly through the regulation of T cell differentiation via JAK-STAT and NF-kappa B signaling pathways.
Article
Fisheries
Tian Zhu, Haomin Jia, Haopeng Zhang, Yujing Xiao, Cui Han, Jiaxin Yang
Summary: Chicken manure has significant effects on the cultivation of Chlorella and rotifers. The optimal amount of chicken manure extract for continuous cultivation is 10 mLL-1. Chicken manure can promote the growth of Chlorella and improve the fatty acid composition, indirectly enhancing the growth condition and fatty acid content of rotifers.
Article
Fisheries
Zheng Luo, Yang Yu, Zhenning Bao, Fuhua Li
Summary: This study analyzed the heritability and genetic correlation of two growth traits in Pacific white shrimp and evaluated the genomic prediction using different genomic selection models. The results showed that the NeuralNet model had the highest prediction accuracy and better prospects for predicting shrimp growth traits.
Article
Fisheries
Alberto Ruiz, Ignasi Sanahuja, Karl B. Andree, Dolors Furones, Paul G. Holhorea, Josep A. Calduch-Giner, Jose J. Pastor, Marc Vinas, Jaume Perez-Sanchez, Sofia Morais, Enric Gisbert
Summary: Supplementing diets with a combination of spice oleoresins can reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in farmed fish. The combination of spice oleoresins also has an immunomodulatory effect on the fish's intestinal immune system, potentially offering anti-inflammatory benefits.
Article
Fisheries
Beibei Zhao, Renhui Mei, Le Li, Di Hu, Lei Li
Summary: This study reveals that JfCXCL8_L1a and JfCXCL8_L1b have different immune pathways, and JfCXCL8_L1b plays a significant role in enhancing the adaptive immunity of T cell-dependent antigen.
Article
Fisheries
Yuhang Liu, Danying Cao, Nan Wu, Xuyang Zhao, Qingsong Zhu, Lian Su, Fatima Altaf, Qianqian Zhang, Haokun Liu, Yongming Li, Bruno Hamish Unger, Yingyin Cheng, Wanting Zhang, Aihua Li, Yaping Wang, Xiao-Qin Xia
Summary: Based on previous research, sinomenine has been found to protect mucosal immunity in farmed fish species by preventing intestinal pathological changes and regulating gene expression related to inflammation. It also enhances immune homeostasis and controls the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
