Plastic microbeads from cosmetic products: an experimental study of their hydrodynamic behaviour, vertical transport and resuspension in phytoplankton and sediment aggregates

Hydrodynamic behaviour and the transport pathways of microplastics within the ocean environment are not well known, rendering accurate predictive models for dispersal management of such pollutants difficult to establish. In the natural environment, aggregation between plastic microbeads and phytodetritus or suspended sediments in rivers and oceans further complicate the patterns of dispersal. In this laboratory study, the physical characteristics and hydrodynamic behaviour of a selection of common plastic microbeads, as used in exfoliation skincare cosmetic products, were investigated. Additionally, the potential for aggregation of these microbeads with phytodetritus and suspended sediments, as well as the subsequent sinking and resuspension behaviour of produced aggregates, were investigated with roller tanks, settling columns and erosion chamber. Physical characteristics of the plastic microbeads showed great heterogeneity, with various densities, sizes and shapes of plastic material being utilised in products designed for the same purpose. The majority of the plastics investigated were positively buoyant in both freshwater and seawater. Aggregation between plastic microbeads and phytoplankton was observed to be swift, with even extremely high concentrations of plastics being rapidly scavenged by suspended algal material. Following aggregation to sizes of 300 to 4400 mu m diameter, some formerly buoyant plastics were observed to settle through the water column and enter the benthic boundary layer with settling velocities ranging between 32 and 831 m day(-1). These aggregates could be resuspended in the laboratory under critical shear velocities of 0.67-1.33 cm s(-1) (free stream velocities of > 10 cm S-1). This rapid aggregation and subsequent settling indicates a potentially important transport pathway for these waste products, a pathway that should be considered when modelling discharge and transport of plastic microbeads and determining the ecosystems that may be at risk from exposure.