The ELR plus CXCL chemokines and their receptors CXCR1/CXCR2 A signaling axis and new target for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma

The long-term efficacy of anti-angiogenesis drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) and VEGF receptors in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been lacking. We have shown that the ELR+CXCL cytokines and their (C-X-C) chemokine receptors, namely CXCR1 and CXCR2, stimulate cancer cell proliferation, tumor inflammation, and angiogenesis. Hence, this essential molecular nexus regulating cancer growth represents a key therapeutic target.