期刊
WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
卷 8, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
WILEY PERIODICALS, INC
DOI: 10.1002/wene.319
关键词
catalytic hydrotreatment; hydrothermal liquefaction; lignin; technoeconomic assessment
资金
- Sustainable Energy Pathways Grant
- National Science Foundation [MSP/CHE-ENG/ECCS-1230803]
- King-Chavez-Parks Future Faculty Fellowship
Lignin is a readily available by-product of the Kraft pulping process, and may be processed via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce a bio-oil suitable for cofeeding into a petroleum refinery hydrotreatment unit. HTL of lignin is performed in near-critical water and, in addition to the bio-oil, produces an aqueous organic and solid char phase. The aqueous organics are primarily phenolics, which may be converted into valuable coproducts via liquid-liquid extraction and hydrotreatment to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) compounds. Three technological scenarios were developed: a current technology case, a state-of-the-art research case, and an optimal case based on product targets provided by refiners. For a large Kraft pulp mill (400 metric tons/day of dry lignin), a renewable fuel production of 65-70 million L/year, with capital costs of $114-125 million and a final per liter cost of $0.41-0.44 were estimated. The BTEX coproduct yield ranged from 16.8-18.0 million L/year. An economic analysis of the process revealed that the hydrotreatment steps have the highest installed capital costs, while the liquid-liquid extraction process is the largest operating cost. Based on these results, the minimum selling price (MSP) of the biofuel is between $3.52 and $3.86/gallon, and the MSP of BTEX is between $1.65 and $2.00 per liter. With current technology, coproduction of BTEX does not offset the cost of biofuel production. Improved technology to further lower bio-oil oxygen content and decrease both capital and operating costs are needed to make HTL-based fuels competitive with fossil fuel-based options. This article is categorized under: Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials Bioenergy > Economics and Policy Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
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