Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jinta Asami, Toshiyuki Shimizu
Summary: TLRs are crucial in recognizing pathogenic molecular patterns and initiating immune responses. Recent advances in structural and mechanistic studies have provided insights into the activation and inhibition mechanisms of TLRs, enhancing our understanding of their functional properties.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ana Paula Magrini Iacopucci, Pamela da Silva Pereira, Dalila Andrade Pereira, Fabiano Beraldi Calmasini, Valeria Pittala, Leonardo Oliveira Reis, Arthur L. Burnett, Fernando Ferreira Costa, Fabio Henrique Silva
Summary: In this study, a mouse model was used to investigate the effect of intravascular hemolysis on corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation and oxidative stress in the penis. The results showed that intravascular hemolysis promotes increased corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation, accompanied by upregulation of HO-1 expression and oxidative stress. This study provides support for clinical studies that have shown a strong positive correlation between priapism and high levels of intravascular hemolysis in men with SCD.
Article
Fisheries
Hansam Cho, Ki Hoon Park, Yuyeon Jang, Yeondong Cho, Yoon-Ki Heo, Minjee Kim, Young Bong Kim
Summary: Outbreaks of infectious disease in shrimp pose a serious threat to shrimp agriculture worldwide. Shrimp lack adaptive immunity and rely solely on innate immunity for defense against infectious disease. Toll-like receptors play a critical role in the shrimp innate immune system, with the identification of a new Toll-like receptor gene (MnToll) in Macrobrachium nipponense potentially involved in defense against WSSV.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Allison M. Owen, Liming Luan, Katherine R. R. Burelbach, Margaret A. A. McBride, Cody L. L. Stothers, Olivia A. A. Boykin, Kalkena Sivanesam, Jessica F. F. Schaedel, Tazeen K. K. Patil, Jingbin Wang, Antonio Hernandez, Naeem K. K. Patil, Edward R. R. Sherwood, Julia K. K. Bohannon
Summary: Immunocompromised populations are at high risk of life-threatening infections, and strategies to protect these patients are urgently needed. This study explores the use of trained immunity, which enhances the immune response to subsequent infections, as a promising approach. The researchers demonstrate that the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway plays a critical role in TLR-mediated trained immunity, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying this process.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Luke S. Uebelhoer, Agnes Gwela, Bonnie Thiel, Sophie Nalukwago, John Mukisa, Christopher Lwanga, Justine Getonto, Emily Nyatichi, Grace Dena, Alexander Makazi, Shalton Mwaringa, Ezekiel Mupere, James A. Berkley, Christina L. Lancioni, Childhood Acute Illness
Summary: Severely ill children in low- and middle-income countries experience high mortality rates from infectious diseases, and the risk of infection-related death is compounded by undernutrition. This study found that T cell function is impaired and innate immune responses are exaggerated in acutely ill children. Nutritional status is associated with the magnitude of cytokine responses. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of innate immune dysregulation in this population.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Yanqin Du, Jun Wu, Jia Liu, Xin Zheng, Dongliang Yang, Mengji Lu
Summary: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global burden, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immune response. However, HBV has developed strategies to inhibit TLR responses, limiting host immune response and promoting viral persistence. Recent studies indicate that stimulation of TLR signaling pathway enhances host immune response and suppresses HBV replication. These findings provide important insights for the use of TLR agonists as immunomodulators in the functional cure of HBV.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Summary: This review discusses the importance of TLR responses in HCV infection and the mechanisms adopted by HCV to avoid immune surveillance mediated by TLRs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Ella A. Zuiderwijk-Sick, Celine van der Putten, Raissa Timmerman, Jennifer Veth, Erica M. Pasini, Linda van Straalen, Paul van der Valk, Sandra Amor, Jeffrey J. Bajramovic
Summary: Exposure to IL-4 induces changes in the cell surface protein expression profile of primary rhesus macaque microglia and enhances their potential to induce proliferation of T cells with a regulatory signature. Additionally, IL-4 exposure broadly impairs TLR-induced cytokine production and inhibits microglial innate immune responses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Jun-Lin Lu, Qi-Dong Xia, Yi Sun, Yang Xun, Heng-Long Hu, Chen-Qian Liu, Jian-Xuan Sun, Jin-Zhou Xu, Jia Hu, Shao-Gang Wang
Summary: The study found that TLR4 expression is decreased in tumor tissues compared to surrounding tissues or normal tissue, and is positively correlated to the overall survival rate and cancer-specific survival rate of bladder cancer patients. Low TLR4 expression is associated with malignant performance in tumors.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Cell Biology
Stavros Garantziotis, Rashmin C. Savani
Summary: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is not only a structure but also plays key roles in cellular responses. Proteoglycans (PGs), a component of ECM, have been found to be crucial in both health maintenance and disease development by activating the innate immune system and influencing cell fate.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Amaro Saco, Beatriz Novoa, Samuele Greco, Marco Gerdol, Antonio Figueras
Summary: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been analyzed in 85 metazoans, with marine mussels (Mytilus spp.) having the largest TLR repertoire in the animal kingdom. Bivalve TLR repertoires are more diversified than their counterparts in deuterostomes or ecdysozoans, and their evolutionary history is characterized by lineage-specific expansions and losses. The functional diversification of TLRs is driven by positive selection and specific modulation in response to various stimuli.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lucia Perez-Regidor, Joan Guzman-Caldentey, Nils Oberhauser, Carmen Punzon, Balazs Balogh, Jose R. Pedro, Eva Falomir, Alessandra Nurisso, Peter Matyus, J. Carlos Menendez, Belen de Andres, Manuel Fresno, Sonsoles Martin-Santamaria
Summary: In this study, a computer-aided drug repurposing approach was used to virtually screen and discover novel TLR4 modulators with a non-lipopolysaccharide-like structure. After screening thousands of approved drugs and drug-like molecules, several compounds with TLR4 antagonist activity were identified through biological assays. This collaborative work expands the chemical diversity for the inspiration of new classes of TLR4 modulators.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier, Daniela Ribeiro Alves, Selene Maia de Morais, Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti, Manoela Daiele Goncalves, Taylon Felipe Silva, Eliandro Reis Tavares, Lucy Megumi Yamauchi, Idessania Nazareth Costa, Emmanuel Silva Marinho, Marcia Machado Marinho, Ivete Conchon-Costa, Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla, Wander Rogerio Pavanelli
Summary: The study showed that extracts from Caryocar coriaceum fruit had antileishmanial effects by inducing apoptosis-like processes, causing damage to the mitochondria and plasma membrane of the parasite, and reducing infection rates in infected cells. Additionally, the extracts exhibited antioxidant properties and up-regulated Nrf2/HO-1/Ferritin expression, leading to a depletion of available iron for Leishmania replication. Molecular modeling experiments suggested that flavonoids in the extracts can act as synergistic inhibitors of Leishmania proteins, with rutin showing a preference for the active site.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Zebin Zhou, Shaoqing Ding, Yaqian Wang, Janfeng Ren, Xiangyang Zhang, Weiming Li, Qinghua Zhang
Summary: The study identified and characterized LmTLR14d gene in Northeast Chinese lamprey, which was found to be expressed in various tissues and up-regulated during infection. The results suggest that LmTLR14d may play a crucial role in the innate immune signaling of lamprey.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Ana C. Pena, Ana Pamplona
Summary: Transition metals, especially iron, play important roles in the chemistry of life. Hemoproteins, including hemoglobin, are common targets for binding with biologically active gases such as NO and CO. Heme oxygenases, particularly HO-1, are crucial enzymes involved in heme metabolism and have documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, their role in infection, such as malaria, can be dual, either limiting pathogen burden or promoting pathogen growth. CO-releasing molecules have been considered as a potential alternative to CO gas inhalation for therapeutic purposes.
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS
(2022)