Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Christina S. McCluskey, Andrew Gettelman, Charles G. Bardeen, Paul J. DeMott, Kathryn A. Moore, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Thomas C. J. Hill, Kevin R. Barry, Cynthia H. Twohy, Darin W. Toohey, Bryan Rainwater, Jorgen B. Jensen, John M. Reeves, Simon P. Alexander, Greg M. McFarquhar
Summary: Southern Ocean low-level mixed phase clouds pose a challenge for accurately representing in Earth system models. Simulated clouds in the Community Earth System Model version 2 now have too little ice, while observations show that marine particles are the main contributors to cloud ice nucleation. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing simulated mineral dust properties in order to better represent ice nucleating particle populations in the Southern Ocean.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Sabin Kasparoglu, Russell Perkins, Paul J. Ziemann, Paul J. DeMott, Sonia M. Kreidenweis, Zachary Finewax, Benjamin L. Deming, Marla P. DeVault, Markus D. Petters
Summary: This study presents measurements of the ice nucleating ability of secondary organic material at low temperatures and high ice saturation, and finds that heterogeneous ice nucleation of glassy secondary organic materials is likely uncommon.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lydia G. Jahl, Thomas A. Brubaker, Michael J. Polen, Leif G. Jahn, Kerrigan P. Cain, Bailey B. Bowers, William D. Fahy, Sara Graves, Ryan C. Sullivan
Summary: Recent research has found that ice-nucleating particles in biomass-burning aerosol are driven by the production of mineral phases, and atmospheric aging can enhance the ice activity of these particles. Removing organic carbon particle coatings can increase the ice activity of biomass-burning aerosol by more than an order of magnitude.
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Christopher Maloney, Brian Toon, Charles Bardeen, Pengfei Yu, Karl Froyd, Jennifer Kay, Sarah Woods
Summary: We modified the CARMA sectional ice microphysical model by adding interactive nucleation of sulfates and heterogeneous nucleation onto dust for a more comprehensive representation of ice nucleation. In our simulations, cirrus clouds primarily nucleate via homogeneous nucleation on aqueous sulfate aerosols at altitudes above 7 km where temperatures fall below 240 K, while heterogeneous nucleation dominates below 7 km. Our model shows improved representation of in-cloud ice within mixed phase clouds in comparison to simulations with only homogeneous ice nucleation.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Teruya Maki, Kentaro Hosaka, Kevin C. Lee, Yasuhiro Kawabata, Mizuo Kajino, Maoto Uto, Kazuyuki Kita, Yasuhito Igarashi
Summary: Airborne microorganisms from forested areas play a role in cloud formation through ice nucleation. However, the vertical transportation of these microorganisms is not well understood. In this study, aerosols were collected at different heights over the forest during three seasons and analyzed to understand the distribution and composition of airborne microbial communities. The results showed that microbial particles had higher concentrations in the forest zone compared to the area above the canopy during summer and fall, indicating efficient vertical mixing in winter. High-throughput DNA sequencing revealed the presence of terrestrial and phyllospheric species associated with the degradation of plant litters in the airborne microbial communities.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Vladan Vuckovic, Dragana Vujovic, Aleksandar Jovanovic
Summary: This paper investigates the scavenging of submicron aerosol particles by cloud water, rainwater, and cloud ice nucleation. The study calculates the scavenging coefficients of different collection processes and tests their influence on the distribution of the aerosol particles. The results show that cloud water is the primary factor in reducing the number of aerosol particles in the air, while ice nucleation plays a significant role in reducing their total mass.
ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Mary Ebeid, Sagil James
Summary: The use of bio-based smart materials is crucial for achieving desired morphing characteristics and improving efficiency in disposable UAV systems. Biodegradable smart materials facilitate smart actuation concepts that enhance system reliability and reduce potential component failure risks. However, manufacturing biodegradable smart materials presents significant challenges. Recent advancements in 3D printing technology have opened new possibilities for manufacturing such materials.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Honglei Wang, Ankang Liu, Zhongxiu Zhen, Yan Yin, Bin Li, Yuanyuan Li, Kui Chen, Jiaping Xu
Summary: Mount Tianshan, as the largest independent east-west-trending mountain in the world, has crucial impacts on climate and pollutant distributions in central Asia. Research reveals that vertical changes in meteorological elements directly affect the structure of aerosol distributions, and topography and meteorological elements' vertical structure play important roles in the mass concentration of black carbon.
Article
Environmental Sciences
M. Fernanda Cordoba, Ernesto Garcia-Mendoza, Aramis Olivos, Graciela B. Raga, M. de los Angeles Horta, Luis A. Ladino
Summary: Marine aerosol particles from biogenic origin can act as ice nucleating particles (INPs) and play a role in mixed-phase cloud formation. This study evaluated the ice nucleating abilities of water samples collected in the Gulf of California (GoC) and off the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula (WBCP) at different depths. The results showed that the freezing temperature and ice nucleating abilities varied with depth, indicating that superficial waters contain more ice active material. The concentrations of INPs were lower in the Mexican Pacific Ocean compared to higher latitudes, but the locally emitted marine aerosol particles can still impact mixed-phase cloud formation.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, Anna T. Kunert, David G. Schmale, Karin Whitmore, Janine Frohlich-Nowoisky, Hinrich Grothe
Summary: Researchers collected 14 aerosol samples in the Austrian Alps, finding high concentrations of ice nuclei below a silver birch canopy with freezing behavior similar to birch extracts. Microscopic analysis revealed particles with auto-fluorescent characteristics, cellular material, and an organic film.
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Diana L. Pereira, Ma Montserrat Silva, Rocio Garcia, Graciela B. Raga, Harry Alvarez-Ospina, Giovanni Carabali, Irma Rosas, Leticia Martinez, Eva Salinas, Sandra Hidalgo-Bonilla, Luis A. Ladino
Summary: This study found differences in ice nucleating abilities between tropical urban areas and rural regions, with the influence of human activities in cities contrasting with the impact of biological materials in rural sites. Bacteria and fungal propagules were consistently present in cloud water and rainwater samples. INPs concentrations in rainwater samples collected in tropical regions were lower compared to other areas, suggesting unique characteristics in tropical latitudes.
ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexei Finkelstein, Sergiy O. Garbuzynskiy, Bogdan S. Melnik
Summary: The classical nucleation theory states that the presence of ice-binding surfaces is required for ice nucleation at temperatures above approximately -30 degrees C. Experiments show that the ice nucleation temperature ranges from -8 degrees C to -15 degrees C for buffer and water in plastic test tubes. The addition of ice-initiating substances (such as conventional AgI or CuO) results in ice formation at temperatures ranging from -3 degrees C to -7 degrees C, while the ice-nucleating bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae, causes ice formation at temperatures from -1 degrees C to -2 degrees C. The action of the tested ice-initiating agents is inhibited by the addition of an antifreeze protein.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Regina Hanlon, Celia Jimenez-Sanchez, James Benson, Ken Aho, Cindy Morris, Teresa M. Seifried, Philipp Baloh, Hinrich Grothe, David Schmale
Summary: The study found various haplotypes of Pseudomonas syringae in freshwater lakes in Austria, and some strains expressed ice nucleation protein. Additionally, robotic technologies show potential in sampling and characterizing microbial life in remote settings.
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
A. Bier, U. Burkhardt
Summary: Contrail ice nucleation and ice crystal loss during the vortex phase have significant effects on the properties and life cycle of contrail cirrus. The number of emitted soot particles and atmospheric conditions control ice nucleation, while the nucleated ice crystal numbers and ambient relative humidity determine the vortex phase loss. Global climate model simulations show a decrease in initial contrail ice crystal numbers compared to soot number emissions due to high ice crystal loss during the vortex phase and decreased ice nucleation in different regions. The estimated global mean contrail cirrus radiative forcing is lower than previous studies, while reducing soot number emissions can lead to a decrease in radiative forcing.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Kevin Kilchhofer, Fabian Mahrt, Zamin A. Kanji
Summary: Ice nucleating particles are a small portion of tropospheric aerosol, but play a crucial role in cloud microphysical processes. This study found that atmospheric aging can impact the ice nucleation abilities of aerosol particles, with some particles showing enhanced heterogeneous ice nucleation activity after cloud processing. Inorganic aerosol particles exhibit stronger ice nucleation activity in their unprocessed state compared to organic aerosol, but their activity decreases after cloud processing.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2021)
Letter
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Anthony W. Baffoe-Bonnie, Kermit Sheng Zhang, Jin Pan, Kirsten Simpkins, Linsey C. Marr
INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
(2022)
Correction
Engineering, Environmental
Zhe Peng, Andrea L. Pineda Rojas, Emilio Kropff, William Bahnfleth, Giorgio Buonanno, Stefanie J. Dancer, Jarek Kurnitski, Yuguo Li, Marcel G. L. C. Loomans, Linsey C. Marr, Lidia Morawska, William Nazaroff, Catherine Noakes, Xavier Querol, Chandra Sekhar, Raymond Tellier, Trisha Greenhalgh, Lydia Bourouiba, Atze Boerstra, Julian W. Tang, Shelly L. Miller, Jose L. Jimenez
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Z. Peng, A. L. Pineda Rojas, E. Kropff, W. Bahnfleth, G. Buonanno, S. J. Dancer, J. Kurnitski, Y. Li, M. G. L. C. Loomans, L. C. Marr, L. Morawska, W. Nazaroff, C. Noakes, X. Querol, C. Sekhar, R. Tellier, T. Greenhalgh, L. Bourouiba, A. Boerstra, J. W. Tang, S. L. Miller, J. L. Jimenez
Summary: Some infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can undergo airborne transmission. Two indicators of infection risk are proposed, which combine key factors that control airborne disease transmission indoors. COVID-19 outbreaks show a clear trend consistent with airborne infection and enable recommendations to minimize transmission risk.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Erik Huynh, Anna Olinger, David Woolley, Ravleen Kaur Kohli, Jack M. Choczynski, James F. Davies, Kaisen Lin, Linsey C. Marr, Ryan D. Davis
Summary: The humidity-dependent phase changes of respiratory aerosols and droplets play a significant role in the survival of pathogens. This study reveals the formation of organic-based, semisolid phase states at intermediate humidity, which inhibit diffusion and disinfection processes. These findings highlight the importance of considering the semisolid phase in understanding the recovery of virus viability at low humidity.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jin Pan, Seth A. Hawks, Aaron J. Prussin, Nisha K. Duggal, Linsey C. Marr
Summary: This study found that the presence of COVID-19 virus in university dormitories can help assess the risk of airborne and fomite transmission.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2022)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Jose L. Jimenez, Linsey C. Marr, Katherine Randall, Edward Thomas Ewing, Zeynep Tufekci, Trish Greenhalgh, Raymond Tellier, Julian W. Tang, Yuguo Li, Lidia Morawska, Jonathan Mesiano-Crookston, David Fisman, Orla Hegarty, Stephanie J. Dancer, Philomena M. Bluyssen, Giorgio Buonanno, Marcel G. L. C. Loomans, William P. Bahnfleth, Maosheng Yao, Chandra Sekhar, Pawel Wargocki, Arsen K. Melikov, Kimberly A. Prather
Summary: This article explains the controversy over whether SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by droplets or aerosols through a historical analysis of transmission research in other diseases. The dominant belief in history was that many diseases were transmitted through the air, but the rise of germ theory challenged this paradigm and discovered other transmission pathways. It was not until the COVID-19 pandemic that airborne transmission was recognized as a significant mode of transmission.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Molly X. McKnight, Korine N. Kolivras, Lauren G. Buttling, Julia M. Gohlke, Linsey C. Marr, Thomas J. Pingel, Shyam Ranganathan
Summary: A significant amount of research has been conducted on the ecological impacts of surface coal mining, but there has been limited focus on human health, especially regarding the potential links between health and surface coal mining at fine spatial scales. This study examines the associations between surface mining and birth outcomes at multiple spatial scales and finds significant associations between surface mining airsheds and preterm birth and decreased birthweight.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mariah Gnegy-Spencer, Chase Gohlke, Linsey C. Marr
Summary: Barriers have been effective in mitigating the transmission of diseases, but their efficacy for aerosol particles is still uncertain. This study aimed to assess the impact of a barrier on the spatial distribution of particles released by speaking in a room with low air-change rate. The results showed that the barrier had some effect on the distribution of 0.5 μm particles, but no significant impact on particles of other sizes.
AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Lidia Morawska, William Bahnfleth, Philomena M. Bluyssen, Atze Boerstra, Giorgio Buonanno, Stephanie J. Dancer, Andres Floto, Francesco Franchimon, Charles Haworth, Jaap Hogeling, Christina Isaxon, Jose L. Jimenez, Jarek Kurnitski, Yuguo Li, Marcel Loomans, Guy Marks, Linsey C. Marr, Livio Mazzarella, Arsen Krikor Melikov, Shelly Miller, Donald K. Milton, William Nazaroff, Peter Nielsen, Catherine Noakes, Jordan Peccia, Xavier Querol, Chandra Sekhar, Olli Seppanen, Shin-ichi Tanabe, Raymond Tellier, Tham Kwok Wai, Pawel Wargocki, Aneta Wierzbicka
Summary: This is an important account of a struggle in which a group of experts came together at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to warn the world about the risk of airborne transmission and the consequences of ignoring it. Their concerns were dismissed by the World Health Organization, but later acknowledged when published in an international journal. The delay in acknowledging this issue had widespread consequences throughout the pandemic.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Aaron J. Prussin II, Zezhen Cheng, Weinan Leng, Swarup China, Linsey C. Marr
Summary: Using CCSEM/EDX, the chemical composition of respiratory particles was analyzed, revealing the potential impact on the viability of viruses and bacteria. The particles showed heterogeneity in composition, with a high percentage containing carbon and Na + P + K + Cl. Size-dependent differences in composition may affect the transmission of respiratory pathogens.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jin Pan, Selma Gmati, Bryce A. Roper, Aaron J. Prussin II, Seth A. Hawks, Abby R. Whittington, Nisha K. Duggal, Linsey C. Marr
Summary: The study found that only viral RNA and not infectious virus is transferred from contaminated masks to skin. The potential for masks to act as fomites in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been suggested but not demonstrated experimentally or observationally. The researchers aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and tested it on different types of masks, finding that infectivity was not detectable on an N95 and surgical mask, was reduced on a nylon/spandex mask, and remained unchanged on a polyester mask and two different cotton masks. SARS-CoV-2 RNA remained stable on all masks and no infectious virus was transferred to the skin.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
David Kormos, Kaisen Lin, Amy Pruden, Linsey C. Marr
Summary: The article provides a critical review of sources, characteristics, and dissemination of ARGs in the atmosphere. It identifies 52 papers reporting direct measurements of bacterial ARGs in air samples. The study finds that the abundance of total ARGs in air varies by season and setting, with higher levels in urban areas during summer and rural areas during winter. Human activities in indoor environments contribute to increased ARG content in the air. The detection of ARGs in the air is still a developing field and standardization of methodologies is needed to better understand the dominant ARGs and their sources, as well as the role of atmospheric transport in dissemination.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS
(2022)
Review
Biology
Julian W. Tang, Miguela A. Caniza, Mike Dinn, Dominic E. Dwyer, Jean-Michel Heraud, Lance C. Jennings, Jen Kok, Kin On Kwok, Yuguo Li, Tze Ping Loh, Linsey C. Marr, Eva Megumi Nara, Nelun Perera, Reiko Saito, Carlos Santillan-Salas, Sheena Sullivan, Matt Warner, Aripuana Watanabe, Sabeen Khurshid Zaidi
Summary: Responses to the early COVID-19 pandemic varied globally, with Asian populations being more collectivist and self-sacrificing, quickly responding to the pandemic and complying with restrictions. Other regions also imposed restrictions promptly due to concerns for their society and healthcare systems. Western European and North American countries initially reacted more slowly, aiming to protect their economies and delay restrictions on personal freedoms.