期刊
JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES
卷 7, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
DOI: 10.1142/S1793545813300073
关键词
Rare earth; nanocrystals; upconversion; imaging; luminescence
资金
- National Institutes of Health [CA120350]
- National Science Foundation NSF [CBET 0853921]
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [0853921] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Upconverting lanthanide nanoparticles overcome many of the problems associated with more traditionally used luminescent contrast agents, such as photobleaching, auto uorescence, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity. For this reason, they are an attractive choice for biomedical imaging applications, particularly for imaging in living tissues. The last decade has seen numerous improvements to these nanocrystals, but a comprehensive guide to the synthesis of upconverting lanthanide nanoparticles has not yet been written. Methods vary from paper to paper and from group to group, and results vary between research groups for each method. For this reason, development of these nanoparticles remains a significant endeavor for any research group interested in joining the field. In this review, we look at the varying synthetic methods employed over the last decade and detail methodology for a select few that have been favored in the field.
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