Gut hormones and the brain

The dialogue between gut hormone, bile acids, and the brain plays an important role in energy homeostasis and the onset of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present review focuses on: (i) bile acid metabolism and the role of bile acids in the regulation of both glucose homeostasis and the control of hypercholesterolemia; (ii) the role of gut hormones in energy homeostasis; and (iii) translation of the pathophysiology of bile acids and gut hormones into clinical practice. Although definitive mechanisms of action of gut hormones and bile acids have not been elucidated completely, these concepts allow us to understand several pharmacological interventions in the treatment of T2DM. Results from further clinical studies with related therapies will help us determine the role of these treatments in the management of energy homeostasis.