Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
G. Woyessa, A. Theodosiou, C. Markos, K. Kalli, O. Bang
Summary: This research demonstrates the use of low loss commercially available multi-mode perfluorinated polymer optical fibers for robust and reliable fiber Bragg grating sensing. The single peak FBG reflection spectrum achieved through tapering the fiber and inscribing the FBG allows for high sensitivity strain and humidity measurements. The approach enables multi-point strain sensing at 1550 nm over long distances and combines the advantages of single mode POFs and MM POFs.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Z. Heidarnia, H. Khoshsima, R. Parvizi, H. Heidari
Summary: This study provides a detailed insight into the absorption characteristics of chalcogenide thin film in the visible wavelength range, and investigates the potential of lossy mode resonance (LMR) dips for refractive index measurement in aqueous environment. Results show that even a thin subwavelength thickness of arsenic trisulfide chalcogenide coating on an optical fiber can provide a versatile absorbing refractometer. This opens up new possibilities for the development of LMR-based chemical sensors and environmental sensors.
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Fujian Tang, Guoshuai Zhou, Tong Li, Ji Dang, Hong-Nan Li
Summary: The Fe-C-coated SMS optical fiber sensor plays an important role in steel corrosion monitoring. By measuring the shift in the characteristic wavelength of the fiber sensor, the mass loss of the Fe-C layer can be accurately predicted.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Fengyi Chen, Xingyong Li, Ruohui Wang, Xueguang Qiao
Summary: A method for improving the sensitivity of FBG accelerometers by using a shorter FBG inscribed in single mode fiber with thinner cladding was proposed and demonstrated. Experimental results showed a 5-fold sensitivity enhancement compared to traditional 125-mu m-diameter fiber, with a working frequency bandwidth from 0.5 Hz to 30 Hz.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ahmed Hisham Morshed, Raghied Atta, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
Summary: An optical fiber sensor based on SMS structure is used to measure flow in a PDMS fluidic channel through vortex shedding, showing good linearity and measurement performance for flow velocity.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Qianqian Peng, Junkai Sheng, Keyu Yang, Xiange Wang, Weilu Sun, Yuze Wang, Xiaolin Liang, Kai Jiao, Shengchuang Bai, Zheming Zhao, Zijun Liu, Peiqing Zhang, Rongping Wang, Qiuhua Nie, Xunsi Wang
Summary: The small core size in conventional single-mode step-indexed chalcogenide fiber limits the power density for mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser power delivery. Increasing the mode area with a large core size is a solution, but it may affect the beam quality. In this study, a novel mid-IR segmented cladding fiber (SCF) with a leakage structure based on chalcogenide glasses was proposed to achieve a large mode area and single-mode operation. The SCF showed potential for high-power mid-IR laser transmission, with more than 2000 μm² mode area and more than 300 loss ratio of high order modes (LP11) to the fundamental mode (LP01). The SCF was fabricated for the first time using an extrude-and-stack technique based on chalcogenide glasses, demonstrating a minimum fiber loss of 3.1 dB/m at 8.6 μm and a bend loss of 3 dB at a bend radius of 6 mm. The mode area in SCF can be increased over 15 times compared to traditional step-index single-mode fiber.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Siti Mahfuza Saimon, Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor, Asrul Izam Azmi, Ahmad Sharmi Abdullah, Mohd Haniff Ibrahim, Mohd Rashidi Salim, Mohd Hafizi Ahmad, Ahmad Fauzi Othman
Summary: This paper presents a robust high refractive index (RI) sensor based on a multimode silica rod structure. The sensor measures high-RI by monitoring the power spectrum changes caused by leaky modes reacting to different high-RI surroundings. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity in the range of 1.450 to 1.531, and shows potential in detecting various levels of aging in transformer oil. The temperature insensitivity of the leaky modes mechanism makes it practical for extreme temperature conditions.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Kun Wang, Xingchen Dong, Michael H. Kohler, Patrick Kienle, Qiang Bian, Martin Jakobi, Alexander W. Koch
Summary: Optical fiber sensors based on multimode interference have attracted increasing interest in recent years and have been developed into various sensors used in practical applications. The different probe structures and measurement methods have distinct sensing properties and sensitivities, showing promising potential for future development.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Hajime Sakata, Kengo Okada, Jun Mochizuki
Summary: A temperature-sensitive SMS fiber structure using an index-matching gel as cladding material is proposed in this study, showing bandpass transmission response with a shift in passband wavelength as temperature changes. The structure demonstrates high operating temperatures and varying thermal sensitivities within specific temperature ranges.
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Shuai Sun, Wei Shi, Quan Sheng, Shijie Fu, Zhongbao Yan, Shuai Zhang, Junxiang Zhang, Chaodu Shi, Guizhong Zhang, Jianquan Yao
Summary: By utilizing the index-induced mode coupling between the higher-order mode in core and the fundamental mode in cladding tubes, single-mode operation can be achieved in antiresonant fibers (ARFs). The area ratio of cladding tube and core, as well as the shape and number of cladding tubes, play a crucial role in modifying this mode coupling. Additionally, the presence of nodal core boundary in ARF enables coupling between the core mode and the wall mode, further enhancing the suppression of high-order modes.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Wei Liu, Fan Zhang, Xin Yan, Fang Wang, Xuenan Zhang, Takenobu Suzuki, Yasutake Ohishi, Tonglei Cheng
Summary: This study proposes a humidity sensor based on a CMC/GO composite film, applied to TCMZI using an optical deposition method. The experimental results show that this sensor has good repeatability and stability in humidity measurement, with high sensitivity.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Shuangshuang Wang, Yinping Miao, Chengwei Fei, Hongmin Zhang, Bin Li
Summary: A high-sensitivity interferometric optical microfiber sensor based on liquid cladding is proposed for detecting liquid samples temperatures in special environments. The sensor has a high temperature sensitivity and great potential for applications in marine environment monitoring, biomedicine diagnosis, and chemical reaction research.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Kankan Swargiary, Prattakorn Metem, Chayapol Kulatumyotin, Suphavit Thaneerat, Noppasin Ajchareeyasoontorn, Pannathorn Jitpratak, Tanujjal Bora, Waleed S. Mohammed, Joydeep Dutta, Charusluk Viphavakit
Summary: This study demonstrated a zinc oxide-coated optical fiber sensor for detecting the volatile organic compound biomarker isopropanol (IPA) for diabetes. By optimizing the length of the sensing region and surface functionalization, a sensor with enhanced sensitivity was successfully fabricated. The sensor has the potential to effectively detect isopropanol.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chun-Wei Chen, Kabish Wisal, Yaniv Eliezer, A. Douglas Stone, Hui Cao
Summary: High-power fiber laser amplifiers have become widely used in industry, science, and defense. However, the power scaling of these amplifiers is limited by transverse mode instability. We propose a theoretical method using a highly multimode fiber amplifier to efficiently suppress thermal and optical instability. By exciting multiple modes, the threshold power for transverse mode instability increases linearly. Additionally, when the frequency bandwidth of the seed laser is narrower than the spectral correlation width of the multimode fiber, the amplified light maintains high spatial coherence and can be transformed to any target pattern or focused to a diffraction-limited spot.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Xin Chen, Kangmei Li, Jason E. Hurley, Jeffery S. Stone, Ming-Jun Li
Summary: In this study, the impact of fiber index profiles and launch conditions on the system performance of single-mode VCSELs transmitting over multimode fibers was experimentally analyzed. The results showed that matching the launch spot to the fiber LP01 mode field led to high bandwidth and robust performance, while restricted launch performance depended on the quality of the fiber. The study also found that the center offset tolerance for mode matched launch was around 2 micrometers.
IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Optics
J. J. Imas, X. Bai, C. R. Zamarreno, I. R. Matias, J. Albert
Summary: The temperature sensitivity of ultraviolet written TFBGs in SMF-28 fibers is assessed, and a single gauge factor KT = 6.25×10-6 °C-1 is found to characterize the response to temperature in the 10-50°C range. A simulation model is developed to accurately predict the TFBG spectra in this temperature range. This model enables the complete removal of temperature-induced shifts of all resonances in TFBG sensing applications and accurate measurement of variables of interest using the scaled averages of resonance groups.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
J. J. Imas, Ignacio Del Villar, Pablo Zubiate, Carlos R. Zamarreno, Ignacio R. Matias
Summary: This research analyzes the characteristics of lossy mode resonances (LMRs) in double-clad fibers with a lower refractive index (RI) in the second cladding. Firstly, the LMR spectra are simulated using a 75 nm TiO2 thin film, and it is observed that a thicker second cladding improves the width of the resonances, making them narrower. Then, experimental cases are assessed, showing good agreement with the simulations. Finally, refractometric measurements are carried out in liquids, and the results show that double-clad fibers can improve the performance of LMR-based optical fiber sensors.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
M. Benitez, P. Zubiate, A. B. Socorro-Leranoz, I. R. Matias
Summary: The development of accurate and manageable biosensors for allergen detection is important for ensuring consumer safety in the food industry. This study proposes an LMR-based microfluidic biosensor for detecting gliadin, a protein present in gluten that triggers immune responses in celiac disease. The sensor showed a high sensitivity and specificity to gliadin, with a calibration curve obtained from experimental data and a limit of detection of 0.05 ppm. The sensor also accurately detected gliadin in commercial flour samples, confirming its efficacy in real-world applications.
Review
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ignacio R. Matias, Ignacio Del Villar, Jesus M. Corres
Summary: Lossy mode resonance (LMR)-based sensors have gained significant interest in the field of optical fiber (OF) and have been successfully transferred to planar waveguides (PWs) for various sensing applications including environmental and biosensors. The inherent advantages of this technology, such as robustness, simplicity, and the ability to generate novel complex structures, are also discussed.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Abian B. Socorro-Leranoz, Kontxi I. Aginaga-Etxamendi, Silvia Diaz, Aitor Urrutia, Ignacio Del Villar, Ignacio R. Matias
Summary: This paper proposes the design of an etched single-mode-multimode-single-mode (E-SMS) fiber-optic-based structure as a multimode interference refractometer for detecting in situ ice formation on different surfaces. The sensor provides higher sensitivity and periodical interferometry bands compared to a basic SMS structure, enabling measurements of surrounding refractive indices with repeatability and robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the structure can detect the freezing-thawing process of water inside a freezer between -20 degrees C and +20 degrees C. The study also presents a proof of concept for a simple technology applicable in various scenarios such as smart cities, avionics, structural health monitoring (SHM), and cold chain management.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Optics
Dayron Armas, Norbert Kwietniewski, Ignacio R. Matias, Dariusz Burnat, Mateusz Smietana, Ignacio Del Villar
Summary: Devices based on the lossy mode resonance (LMR) effect can greatly benefit from the introduction of an intermediate layer, such as a silicon oxide (SiO2) layer, between the substrate and the LMR-supporting film. This can significantly enhance the LMR depth and the figure of merit (FoM) for refractive index sensing applications, improving the performance of LMR-based sensors in fields like chemical sensing or biosensing.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Ignacio Del Villar, Jorge Montoya-Cardona, J. J. Imas, Erick Reyes-Vera, Carlos R. Zamarreno, Ignacio R. Matias, Jose L. Cruz
Summary: Double-clad fibers with a lower refractive index second cladding are ideal for enhancing and tuning the sensitivity in LPFGs operating in mode transition. A thin film deposited on the fiber acts as a barrier, preventing the transition of one mode from the first cladding to the thin film. With variation in thin film thickness and refractive index of the surrounding medium, the sensitivity increase and enhancement factors of 4 and 2 have been demonstrated. This concept enhances the performance of LPFGs and offers opportunities for other structures like tilted-fiber gratings or evanescent wave sensors.
JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Wenceslao Eduardo Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Jesus Abraham Puente-Sujo, Adolfo Josue Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Ignacio R. Matias, David Tomas Vargas-Requena, Luis Antonio Garcia-Garza
Summary: The research presents a new method for manufacturing fiber optic sensors using Hydrofluoric Acid deposition through real-time monitoring diameter measurement by computer vision. The system was tested and proved feasible in reducing the diameter of the SMS structure from 125 μm to approximately 42.5 μm. The results demonstrated the stability of the system during the etching process through diameter measurement at different structure sections. This proposal contributes to the development of etched fiber optic sensors with enhanced sensitivity. Additionally, the etched SMS and SMS without chemical corrosion were applied as glucose concentration sensors.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Anand M. Shrivastav, Ignacio Del Villar, Joaquin Ascorbe, Jesus M. Corres, Ignacio R. Matias
Summary: Lossy mode resonance (LMR)-based sensors have been extensively researched in the past decade. These sensors have shown great potential in detecting various physical, chemical, and biological entities. While optical fiber has traditionally been used as the sensing platform for LMR-based sensors, planar waveguide substrates have been introduced in recent years to provide more flexibility in design and better surface immobilization. This study focuses on the impact of substrate thickness on LMR-based optical sensors and demonstrates that a thinner substrate leads to a greater depth in LMR curves, which enhances the sensor's performance in identifying the targeted parameter. This finding expands the applicability of LMR-based sensors in industrial applications.
IEEE SENSORS LETTERS
(2023)
