Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Yanlong Miao, Liuyang Wang, Cheng Peng, Han Li, Xiuhua Li, Man Zhang
Summary: A fast measurement method for banana plant count, pseudo-stem diameter, and height based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was proposed. The method involves obtaining three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data through TLS, preprocessing the data, segmenting the canopy closed banana plant point cloud, counting the number of pseudo-stems, and measuring the diameter and height of the pseudo-stems. The results showed high accuracy and recall rates compared to manual measurements, indicating that the method is suitable for field measurement of banana plantation management.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Jingyu Li, Lei Wang, Jinzhong Huang
Summary: This study used terrestrial laser scanning to measure brick-concrete buildings susceptible to damage from mining activities. The wall length was used as a deformation monitoring index. The study extracted point cloud data of individual walls and estimated their boundary points. Top boundary lines were fitted based on these points, and regions of interest were constructed for calculating the wall length. The proposed method accurately estimated deformations with a millimeter-level accuracy and absolute errors ranging from -6 to 6 mm.
JOURNAL OF CIVIL STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
(2023)
Article
Geography, Physical
Xuming Ge, Qing Zhu
Summary: A new automated target-based approach for registering unordered scans in complex forest scenes is presented in this study, which is more robust and efficient compared to previous target-less methods.
ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Tasiyiwa Priscilla Muumbe, Jussi Baade, Jenia Singh, Christiane Schmullius, Christian Thau
Summary: Savannas are diverse ecosystems with complex vegetation, conventional methods may underestimate carbon storage potential. TLS technology shows promise in accurate vegetation parameter extraction, future research should focus on algorithm development and improvement.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dongfeng Jia, Weiping Zhang, Yanping Liu
Summary: This study presents a systematic method for analyzing tunnel deformation, including a rapid and high-accuracy point-cloud registration method using a positioning base made in the laboratory and an improved moving least-squares method for reconstructing the tunnel centerline from unorganized point clouds.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Benjamin Brede, Louise Terryn, Nicolas Barbier, Harm M. Bartholomeus, Renee Bartolo, Kim Calders, Geraldine Derroire, Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy, Alvaro Lau, Shaun R. Levick, Pasi Raumonen, Hans Verbeeck, Di Wang, Tim Whiteside, Jens van der Zee, Martin Herold
Summary: This study investigates the application of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicle laser scanning (UAV-LS) for aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation at hectare scales. The results suggest that combining UAV-LS derived tree metrics with non-parametric modeling can scale AGB estimates with reduced fieldwork time. Meanwhile, the use of global allometric scaling models (ASM) at local scale and across data modalities results in high individual tree prediction errors and relatively high population bias.
REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kaixin Hu, Daguang Han, Guocheng Qin, Yin Zhou, Long Chen, Chunli Ying, Tong Guo, Yanhui Liu
Summary: Digital twins have great potential for bridge operation and maintenance, with geometric digital twins being the key component. However, the point-cloud collection for large bridges is challenging, leading to the problem of processing absence point clouds and generating accurate geometric digital twins.
ADVANCES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Corinna Harmening, Christoph Hobmaier, Hans Neuner
Summary: This study discusses the estimation of rigid body movements by constructing points on B-spline surfaces, providing larger redundancy compared to control point-based strategies. The proposed approach allows for detecting rigid body movements between point clouds of different epochs and determining areas where the movement is superimposed by distortions.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Yunfeng Ge, Qian Chen, Huiming Tang, Bei Cao, Wakeel Hussain
Summary: This paper proposes a method for rapid and quantitative estimation of geological strength index (GSI) using 3D point clouds generated through non-contact measurement methods. The method includes acquiring point clouds using a terrestrial laser scanner, identifying discontinuities through artificial neural networks (ANN) and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), extracting geometric information for the detected discontinuities, and estimating GSI according to the detection and characterization of discontinuities. The application results show that 3D point clouds can provide an objective and efficient way to obtain GSI values of rock mass and can be used as a potential alternative to the traditional GSI estimation method.
ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kate Pexman, Derek D. Lichti, Peter Dawson
Summary: This study introduces a novel multi-level storey separation technique and a novel door and window detection strategy for automated creation of 2D floor plans and 3D building models from complete terrestrial laser scans of heritage buildings. The methods were demonstrated on three heritage sites, achieving overall accuracies of 94.74% for multi-level storey separation and 92.75% for the building model creation. Additionally, the automated door and window detection methodology achieved an absolute mean dimensional error of 6.3 cm.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lei You, Xiaosa Chang, Yian Sun, Yong Pang, Yan Feng, Xinyu Song
Summary: Stem volume is an important parameter in forestry inventory and carbon storage. Existing methods for estimating stem volume often overlook the irregularity of the stem, leading to deviations from the true value. This study proposes a method for estimating stem segment volume using the tetrahedron model based on TLS data. The results demonstrate the validity of the method for stem surface reconstruction and volume estimation, with the volume based on the tetrahedron model being closer to the true value.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kenneth Olofsson, Johan Holmgren
Summary: A new algorithm for detecting branch attachments on stems based on a voxel approach and line object detection by a voting procedure is introduced. This algorithm can be used to evaluate the quality of stems by giving the branch density of each standing tree. The detected branches were evaluated using field-sampled trees. The algorithm detected 63% of the total amount of branch whorls and 90% of the branch whorls attached in the height interval from 0 to 10 m above ground. The suggested method could be used to create maps of forest stand stem quality data.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Helene Petschko, Markus Zehner, Patrick Fischer, Jason Goetz
Summary: Detection of geomorphological changes using SfM photogrammetry requires high-quality 3D reconstruction and precise point estimates. This study compared the 3D point clouds and detectable change patterns obtained from different sensors and data collection methods over multiple years. The results showed that the detectable changes of the sinkhole walls were generally similar between aerial and terrestrial surveys.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Michael R. Gallagher, Aaron E. Maxwell, Luis Andres Guillen, Alexis Everland, E. Louise Loudermilk, Nicholas S. Skowronski
Summary: Predicting burn severity using TLS data as an alternative method to assess fire impacts is effective, with machine learning algorithms successfully predicting total plot CBI and strata-specific CBI. However, the accuracy of predictions varies among different strata. The combination of TLS and RGB variables improves predictions, highlighting the potential of TLS-based methods for quantifying burn severity compared to traditional methods.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Tao Han, Gerardo Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa
Summary: Lianas are increasingly dominating tropical forests due to climate change. Remote sensing techniques play a key role in separating lianas from their host trees, and this separation provides valuable insights into how tropical forests respond to climate and environmental change. In this study, a new machine learning method based on Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithms is proposed to separate lianas and trees using Terrestrial Laser Scanning point clouds. The method is tested on tropical dry forest trees with different levels of liana infestation, and the results show high accuracy and recall rates. This method provides a flexible approach to extract lianas from 3D point clouds and facilitates new studies on the impact of lianas on tree and forest structures.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Samuli Junttila, Roope Nasi, Niko Koivumaki, Mohammad Imangholiloo, Ninni Saarinen, Juha Raisio, Markus Holopainen, Hannu Hyyppa, Juha Hyyppa, Paeivi Lyytikainen-Saarenmaa, Mikko Vastaranta, Eija Honkavaara
Summary: Climate change is causing increased reproduction of pest insects, resulting in global tree mortality. It is therefore crucial to have early information on pest infestation to mitigate the damage. This study successfully classified trees in decline due to European spruce bark beetle infestation using multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. The results indicate that fall provides the most accurate classification results.
Article
Forestry
Samuli Junttila, Mariana Campos, Teemu Holtta, Lauri Lindfors, Aimad El Issaoui, Mikko Vastaranta, Hannu Hyyppa, Eetu Puttonen
Summary: In this study, the movement of tree branches was analyzed in a long-term drought experiment and at a circadian time scale. The results showed a strong correlation between branch movement and leaf water status, supporting the hypothesis that changes in leaf and branch water status can cause branch movements. These findings are important for monitoring and understanding the water relations of tree communities.
Article
Forestry
Ville Kankare, Ninni Saarinen, Jiri Pyorala, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Jari Hynynen, Saija Huuskonen, Juha Hyyppa, Mikko Vastaranta
Summary: The study found that different silvicultural treatments did not significantly affect mean wood density, but the relationship between structural characteristics and mean ring width was more pronounced under varying treatments. Single time terrestrial laser scanning can capture the variability of structural characteristics and their interactions with mean ring width.
Article
Plant Sciences
Ninni Saarinen, Ville Kankare, Saija Huuskonen, Jari Hynynen, Simone Bianchi, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Ville Luoma, Samuli Junttila, Markus Holopainen, Juha Hyyppae, Mikko Vastaranta
Summary: Trees adapt to their growing conditions by regulating the sizes of their parts and their relationships. However, the effects of silvicultural practices on crown size and shape and also tree growth are still limited. This study used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to provide detailed attributes for crown characterization and found that increasing stem density decreased Scots pine crown size.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Forestry
T. Yrttimaa, V Luoma, N. Saarinen, V Kankare, S. Junttila, M. Holopainen, J. Hyyppa, M. Vastaranta
Summary: This study aims to improve understanding of tree allometry and interactions between tree growth and its neighborhood using two-date point clouds. Close-range sensing techniques such as TLS enable non-destructive approaches to reconstruct the 3D structure of trees and tree communities, providing insights into the competitive status of trees. The results show strong relationships between stem growth increments and attributes characterizing crown structure and competition, with single attributes able to explain a significant portion of the observed variation in tree dimensions.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
S. Junttila, T. Holtta, N. Saarinen, V. Kankare, T. Yrttimaa, J. Hyyppa, M. Vastaranta
Summary: The study investigated the use of novel small hyperspectral sensors for non-destructive estimation of leaf water content. Results showed that the sensors captured variations in equivalent water thickness and relative water content, providing detailed insights into the dynamics of leaf water content. The study concluded that close-range hyperspectral spectroscopy can be a novel tool for continuous measurement of leaf water content and better understanding of plant responses to environmental conditions.
REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Forestry
Noora Tienaho, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Ville Kankare, Mikko Vastaranta, Ville Luoma, Eija Honkavaara, Niko Koivumaki, Saija Huuskonen, Jari Hynynen, Markus Holopainen, Juha Hyyppa, Ninni Saarinen
Summary: The structural complexity of trees is important for ecological processes and ecosystem services. In this study, the fractal-based box dimension (D-b) was used to assess the structural complexity of Scots pine trees using point cloud data from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and aerial imagery from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The results showed significant differences between the D-b values measured by TLS and UAV, with UAV measurements being higher and having a wider range. The differences were explained by variations in point density, distribution, tree heights, and the number of boxes in the D-b method. Despite these differences, there was still a consistent correlation between TLS and UAV measurements, with a correlation coefficient of 75%.
Article
Geography, Physical
M. Imangholiloo, T. Yrttimaa, T. Mattsson, S. Junttila, M. Holopainen, N. Saarinen, P. Savolainen, J. Hyyppa, M. Vastaranta
Summary: Silvicultural tending of seedling stands is crucial for quality timber production. This study tested and evaluated two methodological modifications in airborne laser scanning-based forest inventories for seedling stand characterization. The results showed improved performance in estimating tree density and mean tree height with these modifications. The findings suggest that these methodological improvements should be considered for further development of ALS-based inventories to support forest management and silvicultural decision-making.
ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ghasem Ronoud, Maryam Poorazimy, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Ville Luoma, Saija Huuskonen, Jari Hynynen, Juha Hyyppa, Ninni Saarinen, Ville Kankare, Mikko Vastaranta
Summary: This study investigated the impact of different thinning treatments on stem- and crown-based competition of trees using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds. The results showed that thinning treatments significantly affected stem- and crown-based competition indices, and thinning from below and from above had similar effects on competition.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maryam Poorazimy, Ghasem Ronoud, Xiaowei Yu, Ville Luoma, Juha Hyyppa, Ninni Saarinen, Ville Kankare, Mikko Vastaranta
Summary: This study investigates the feasibility of detecting species-specific individual tree crown growth using airborne laser scanning (ALS) measurements. The results show that ALS measurements are effective in detecting species-specific crown growth, with Scots pine exhibiting the highest growth.
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Xinlian Liang, Antero Kukko, Ivan Balenovic, Ninni Saarinen, Samuli Junttila, Ville Kankare, Markus Holopainen, Martin Mokros, Peter Surovy, Harri Kaartinen, Luka Jurjevic, Eija Honkavaara, Roope Nasi, Jingbin Liu, Markus Hollaus, Jiaojiao Tian, Xiaowei Yu, Jie Pan, Shangshu Cai, Juho-Pekka Virtanen, Yunsheng Wang, Juha Hyyppa
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
(2022)
Article
Forestry
T. Yrttimaa, S. Junttila, V Luoma, K. Calders, V Kankare, N. Saarinen, A. Kukko, M. Holopainen, J. Hyyppa, M. Vastaranta
Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in observing seasonal radial growth of boreal trees. The experiment confirmed the challenges related to quantifying millimeter-level increments in diameter at the breast height (Delta dbh) using TLS, but cautiously highlighted its feasibility for radial tree growth monitoring when the magnitude of Delta dbh exceeds several millimeters and when the aim is to characterize sample plot mean rather than individual tree growth. Furthermore, TLS can determine the occurrence of radial tree growth by analyzing paired diameter measurements along the stem.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Einari Heinaro, Topi Tanhuanpaa, Mikko Vastaranta, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Antero Kukko, Teemu Hakala, Teppo Mattsson, Markus Holopainen
Summary: Fallen tree mapping is important for assessing the ecological value of boreal forests. This study compared the performance of line-detection-based fallen tree detection using moderate and high-point-density laser scanning data. The results showed that increasing point density improved detection rates, but noise sensitivity caused false detections, which could be reduced using filters at the cost of true detections. A less noise-sensitive method utilizing high-density point clouds is recommended for high-point-density data.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mohammad Imangholiloo, Ville Luoma, Markus Holopainen, Mikko Vastaranta, Antti Makelainen, Niko Koivumaki, Eija Honkavaara, Ehsan Khoramshahi
Summary: Tree species information is crucial for forest management, especially in seedling stands. This study proposes a pre-processing technique based on canopy threshold to improve seedling classification, and compares the accuracy of convolutional neural network (CNN) and random forest (RF) methods. It also demonstrates that fusing vegetation indices with multispectral data enhances the classification accuracy.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Aravind Harikumar, Xinlian Liang, Francesca Bovolo, Lorenzo Bruzzone
Summary: This article proposes a 3-D stem modeling approach for both single- and multiscan TLS data that accurately models the stem and localizes branch-knots without being affected by stem shadowing and point-density variations.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING
(2022)
