Review
Medical Laboratory Technology
Ting Chen, Tiannan Liu, Ting Li, Hang Zhao, Qianming Chen
Summary: The review introduces the conventional and emerging methods for breath analysis in diagnosing and monitoring various diseases. It discusses the correlation between breath components and specific diseases, as well as unique ideas and devices for the diagnosis of common diseases through exhaled breath analysis. The potential application of exhaled breath analysis for diagnosing and screening different diseases is briefly introduced, offering a new avenue for non-invasive disease detection.
CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Akhilesh Kumar Pathak, Charusluk Viphavakit
Summary: This study discusses a sensor for detecting isopropanol in exhaled breath, which is a biomarker for diabetes. The design of the sensor is based on wavelength modulation technique, utilizing a porous TiO2 layer as sensing material for high sensitivity detection.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Wadah Ibrahim, Michael J. Wilde, Rebecca L. Cordell, Matthew Richardson, Dahlia Salman, Robert C. Free, Bo Zhao, Amisha Singapuri, Beverley Hargadon, Erol A. Gaillard, Toru Suzuki, Leong L. Ng, Tim Coats, Paul Thomas, Paul S. Monks, Christopher E. Brightling, Neil J. Greening, Salman Siddiqui, EMBER Consortium
Summary: Acute cardiorespiratory breathlessness is a significant cause of emergency hospitalizations. This study identified breath volatile organic compound biomarkers that can diagnose acute cardiorespiratory disease and investigated the metabolic enrichment patterns in acute disease. The findings demonstrate that the multibiomarker score can effectively differentiate acute disease from health and different subtypes of acute cardiorespiratory exacerbation. Furthermore, the study revealed specific enrichment patterns in different subgroups of acute disease.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Kaushiki Dixit, Somayeh Fardindoost, Adithya Ravishankara, Nishat Tasnim, Mina Hoorfar
Summary: Researching the application of exhaled breath analysis in diabetes monitoring is crucial yet challenging. A comprehensive evaluation of current technologies and sensing methods can help understand the shortcomings of blood glucose monitoring and further drive the development of non-invasive diabetes monitoring devices. It is important to focus on studying breath biomarker clusters and incorporating novel sensing materials and transduction mechanisms to realize breath analysis as an effective healthcare approach.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Manohar Prasad Bhandari, Inese Polaka, Reinis Vangravs, Linda Mezmale, Viktors Veliks, Arnis Kirshners, Pawel Mochalski, Emmanuel Dias-Neto, Marcis Leja
Summary: This study investigated the correlation between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath and the fecal microbiota in gastric cancer patients and healthy controls. The results showed that this correlation differs between cancer patients and healthy controls. The volatile metabolites in exhaled breath were highly correlated with fecal bacterial taxa in cancer patients, while the correlation was lower in healthy controls.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Elina Gashimova, Azamat Temerdashev, Vladimir Porkhanov, Igor Polyakov, Dmitry Perunov, Ekaterina Dmitrieva
Summary: Development of simple, fast, and non-invasive tests for lung cancer diagnostics is crucial in clinical practice. This paper explores the use of exhaled breath and skin as potential objects for diagnosing lung cancer, and develops diagnostic models using machine learning algorithms. The results show that artificial neural networks perform well in classifying lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. Additionally, the study identifies significant differences in parameters in exhaled breath samples of lung cancer patients and evaluates the potential of skin analysis for lung cancer diagnosis.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Qiwen Yu, Jing Chen, Wei Fu, Kanhar Ghulam Muhammad, Yi Li, Wenxin Liu, Linxin Xu, Hao Dong, Di Wang, Jun Liu, Yanli Lu, Xing Chen
Summary: Lung cancer, with its high morbidity and mortality, has been studied for decades. Traditional methods for diagnosis are invasive and expensive, hindering early screening and diagnosis. Smartphones integrated with powerful applications show great potential for improving the detection and monitoring of lung cancer markers in various medical settings.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Elina M. Gashimova, Azamat Z. Temerdashev, Dmitry V. Perunov, Vladimir A. Porkhanov, Igor S. Polyakov, Ekaterina V. Dmitrieva
Summary: Lung cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, and early diagnosis is difficult. In this study, the variability of exhaled breath samples among patients with lung cancer and other types of cancer was investigated. Two classification models were created to separate lung cancer patients from patients with cancer in other locations and to classify different types of cancer. The models showed moderate sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing lung cancer from other types of cancer, but poor accuracy in classifying different types of cancer.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yolande Christelle Ketchanji Mougang, Laurent-Mireille Endale Mangamba, Rosamaria Capuano, Fausto Ciccacci, Alexandro Catini, Roberto Paolesse, Hugo Bertrand Mbatchou Ngahane, Leonardo Palombi, Corrado Di Natale
Summary: Tuberculosis is a common cause of death in many countries, and the current diagnostic method of smear microscopy has a low true positive rate. Analyzing exhaled VOCs using sensors has been proposed as a promising alternative for disease diagnosis. Testing an electronic nose based on sensor technology in a Cameroon hospital showed promising results for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Chuntae Kim, Iruthayapandi Selestin Raja, Jong-Min Lee, Jong Ho Lee, Moon Sung Kang, Seok Hyun Lee, Jin-Woo Oh, Dong-Wook Han
Summary: This review discusses the importance of artificial olfactory systems in fields such as healthcare, along with the trend and prospects of using these systems for disease diagnosis. Monitoring health status and early disease diagnosis are crucial in modern healthcare, with the potential to increase survival rates and reduce treatment costs. The article introduces promising technologies for real-time monitoring of health conditions and early disease diagnosis through analysis of exhaled human breath.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Elina Gashimova, Anna Osipova, Azamat Temerdashev, Vladimir Porkhanov, Igor Polyakov, Dmitry Perunov, Ekaterina Dmitrieva
Summary: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electronic nose were used to analyze the exhaled breath of 40 lung cancer patients and 40 healthy individuals. While GC-MS could identify significant differences between groups, the electronic nose was unable to distinguish the samples. Diagnostic models showed varying sensitivity and specificity in training and test data.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Hendrik J. du Toit, Gareth Goldswain, Gerrit Olivier
Summary: Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is being increasingly used in various geoscientific fields, including monitoring microseismicity in underground mines as shown in this study. By installing fiber optic cable and comparing it with geophone sensors, it was found that DAS data had relatively good agreement with the geophone data for larger seismic events. Additionally, DAS data was processed and located using PhaseNet, a machine-learning algorithm, and an interferometric method. However, challenges remain in terms of the background noise and the feasibility of using existing mining communication infrastructure for accurate seismic sensing.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jinwook Chung, Salima Akter, Sunhee Han, Yoonhwa Shin, Tae Gyu Choi, Insug Kang, Sung Soo Kim
Summary: One in three cancer deaths worldwide are caused by gastric and colorectal cancer malignancies, with increasing rates in East Asian nations. The early recognition of these cancers is challenging, and most patients do not exhibit symptoms before diagnosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) hold promise as novel biomarkers for early detection, with easier and faster analysis compared to other methods.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Zhenzhen Xie, James D. Morris, Stephanie J. Mattingly, Saurin R. Sutaria, Jiapeng Huang, Michael H. Nantz, Xiao-An Fu
Summary: Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath has great potential for disease detection, but the analysis of metabolic VOCs is still challenging. This study presents a method combining ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry for analyzing carbonyl metabolites in breath. A silicon microreactor was used to capture carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath, and six subgroups of carbonyl compounds were identified. This method may provide a quantitative approach for identifying disease markers in exhaled breath.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Dian Kesumapramudya Nurputra, Ahmad Kusumaatmadja, Mohamad Saifudin Hakim, Shidiq Nur Hidayat, Trisna Julian, Budi Sumanto, Yodi Mahendradhata, Antonia Morita Iswari Saktiawati, Hutomo Suryo Wasisto, Kuwat Triyana
Summary: The RT-qPCR method is widely used for detecting SARS-CoV-2, but clinicians prefer to diagnose COVID-19 by combining clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging, and multivariable clinical prediction models. Researchers report the development of a low cost, noninvasive method using a portable electronic nose (GeNose C19) to rapidly screen for COVID-19.
NPJ DIGITAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Helen L. Duce, Christopher J. Duff, Syed Zaidi, Ceri Parfitt, Adrian H. Heald, Anthony A. Fryer
Summary: This study investigated the blood test monitoring of lithium treatment and found poor adherence to the recommended 6-monthly serum testing of thyroid function. The results showed that most thyroid dysfunction occurs within 3 years, indicating the need for regular monitoring.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Basil George Issa, Fahmy W. F. Hanna, Anthony A. Fryer, Grace Ensah, Ikenna Ebere, David Marshall, Brian Keevil
Summary: A strong correlation was found between salivary cortisone and serum cortisol in patients with adrenal incidentalomas, suggesting that salivary cortisone can be used as an alternative sampling method for measuring serum cortisol.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Prudhvi Peri, Kai Fu, Houqiang Fu, Jingan Zhou, Yuji Zhao, David J. Smith
Summary: The morphology of GaN substrates grown by HVPE and by ammonothermal methods was observed to have an impact on the performance of GaN-on-GaN p-i-n diodes. HVPE-grown substrates showed ordered surface features, while ammonothermal substrates did not. Diodes fabricated on HVPE substrates had higher reverse-bias voltages compared to those on ammonothermal substrates.
JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Daniel C. Messina, Kevin A. Hatch, Saurabh Vishwakarma, David J. Smith, Yuji Zhao, Robert J. Nemanich
Summary: Two atomic layer etching methods were investigated for crystalline GaN, involving oxidation, fluorination, and ligand exchange. The etching process was monitored in situ using multiwavelength ellipsometry and characterized through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results revealed the presence of fluorine and oxygen impurities on the etched surfaces, a slight reduction in thickness, and a lower removal rate than predicted. The observed reduced etch rates were attributed to the ordered structure of the oxide formed on the crystalline GaN surfaces.
JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A
(2023)
Review
Spectroscopy
David Smith, Patrik Spanel, Nicholas Demarais, Vaughan S. S. Langford, Murray J. J. McEwan
Summary: SIFT-MS is a versatile analytical technique for the identification and quantification of trace gases. It has a wide range of applications, including real-time analysis of humid exhaled breath and air quality monitoring in industrial scenarios. The addition of reagent anions in SIFT-MS instruments has enhanced the analytical capability, allowing analysis of volatile compounds in humid air that cannot be done using reagent cations alone.
MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS
(2023)
Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Syed Zaidi, Adrian H. Heald, Ravindra B. Belgamwar, Anthony A. Fryer
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
David Holland, Adrian. H. H. Heald, Fahmy F. W. Hanna, Mike Stedman, Pensee Wu, Julius Sim, Christopher. J. J. Duff, Helen Duce, Lewis Green, Jonathan Scargill, Jonathon. D. D. Howe, Sarah Robinson, Ian Halsall, Neil Gaskell, Andrew Davison, Mark Simms, Angela Denny, Martin Langan, Anthony. A. A. Fryer
Summary: Studies show that the COVID-19 pandemic had a disproportionate impact on people with diabetes and those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The recovery of HbA1c testing varied, and it was associated with diabetes control and demographic characteristics.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Stefan J. Swift, Patrik Spanel, Nikola Sixtova, Nicholas Demarais
Summary: Selected ion flowtube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) instruments have advanced significantly since their introduction more than 20 years ago. Previous studies conducted with He carrier gas at room temperature need to be adjusted for the new SIFT-MS instruments operating with N-2 carrier gas at elevated temperatures. The differences in reaction kinetics may be attributed to temperature, electric field, and carrier gas change. It is important to adopt an updated reaction kinetics library that accounts for the specific conditions of the new instruments.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Michael Stedman, Martin B. Whyte, Ian Laing, Anthony A. Fryer, Bernardo Meza Torres, Adam Robinson, Fahmida Mannan, J. Martin Gibson, Gerry Rayman, Adrian H. Heald
Summary: The standardised mortality rate for people with diabetes in England is 1.5-1.7, with differences in outcomes between sexes. Factors that could impact this and determine sex differences in outcome have not been extensively studied. Risk factors related to treatment type and clinical features do not differ based on sex. However, women have a higher prevalence of negative factors and a lower prevalence of prescribed cardioprotective medication, contributing to worse outcomes.
DIABETES-METABOLISM RESEARCH AND REVIEWS
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Fahmy Hanna, Pensee Wu, Adrian Heald, Anthony Fryer
Summary: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are highly prevalent risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in young women. Current screening strategies for these conditions suffer from lack of consensus, poor adherence, and a generic approach that misses opportunities for early and personalized prevention interventions. New targeted screening strategies that incorporate early, prevention-focused testing and personalized risk stratification are urgently needed.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
David Holland, Anthony A. Fryer, Mike Stedman, Fahmy W. F. Hanna, Christof J. Duff, Lewis Green, Jonathan Scargill, Ian Halsall, Neil Gaskell, Jonathon D. Howe, Adrian H. Heald, Pensee Wu
Summary: Women are diagnosed with diabetes at a later age than men and have higher mortality rates. This study found that the distribution of HbA1c, a marker for diabetes diagnosis, is lower in women under the age of 50 compared to men. This suggests that the cut point for diagnosing diabetes may need to be re-evaluated in women under 50.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Stefan J. Swift, Nikola Sixtova, Maroua Omezzine Gnioua, Patrik Spanel
Summary: SIFT-MS is a soft ionisation technique that can quantify trace amounts of volatile organic compounds by utilizing gas phase ion-molecule reaction kinetics. By using different reactivities of various reagent cations and anions, the technique can overcome previous limitations in resolving isomers and potentially enable their immediate identification and quantification without chromatographic separation. Experimental and computational studies have been conducted on the ion-molecule reactions of eight ions with the isomers of three aromatic compounds, providing important information on reaction rates and product ion branching ratios.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Vaughan S. Langford, Kseniya Dryahina, Patrik Spanel
Summary: Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been widely used in industry and research since the mid-1990s. This review discusses the development of quantitation methods using a gas standard and reaction kinetics, as well as best practices for addressing practical issues such as the overlap of product ions. It provides a fundamental basis for a plethora of studies that can be conducted using SIFT-MS instruments.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Stefan J. Swift, Kseniya Dryahina, Ann-Sophie Lehnert, Nicholas Demarais, Vaughan S. Langford, Mark J. Perkins, Leslie P. Silva, Maroua Omezzine Gnioua, Patrik Spanel
Summary: In September 2020, a contamination incident involving ethylene oxide in food products led to massive recalls across Europe. A rapid analysis method is required to ensure food safety, and it was found that using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) with OH- ions as reagents is the most suitable approach due to non-overlapping product ions.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maroua Omezzine Gnioua, Anatolii Spesyvyi, Patrik Spanel
Summary: Quantum chemistry calculations using DFT were performed to understand the structures and energetics of organic ions relevant to gas phase ion chemistry in soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. The calculations provided important insights into ligand switching ion-molecule reactions and the proton affinities of oxygen-containing organic compounds.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)