Lasing in metamaterial nanostructures

A self-consistent computational scheme is presented for one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) metamaterial systems with gain incorporated into the nanostructures. The gain is described by a generic four-level system. The loss compensation and the lasing behavior of the metamaterial system with gain are studied. A critical pumping rate exists for compensating the losses of the metamaterial. There exists a wide range of input signals where the composite system behaves linearly. Nonlinearities arise for stronger signals due to gain depletion. The retrieved effective parameters are presented for one layer of gain embedded in two layers of Lorentz dielectric rods and split ring resonators (SRR) with two different gain inclusions: (1) gain is embedded in the gaps only and (2) gain is surrounding the SRR. When the pumping rate increases, there is a critical pumping rate at which the metamaterial system starts lasing.