Article
Microbiology
Wei Pan, Nie Hui, Hongmei Wang, Hongbin He
Summary: Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 enters MDBK cells via macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, requiring acid-dependent entry and cathepsin L. Additionally, macropinocytosis is dependent on actin dynamics during BPIV3 infection.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Virology
Kehui Zhang, Su Li, Sheng Liu, Shuhong Li, Liang Qu, George F. Gao, Hua-Ji Qiu
Summary: African swine fever is a highly contagious and deadly disease in pigs with no currently available vaccines or antivirals. The causative agent is African swine fever virus, and its entry into host cells involves precisely regulated molecular events.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Victor K. Outlaw, Ross W. Cheloha, Eric M. Jurgens, Francesca T. Bovier, Yun Zhu, Dale F. Kreitler, Olivia Harder, Stefan Niewiesk, Matteo Porotto, Samuel H. Gellman, Anne Moscona
Summary: Lower respiratory tract infections in children globally are largely caused by parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), with no available vaccines or effective treatments against these pathogens. Research has shown that lipopeptides derived from HPIV3 F can inhibit infection, and the modification of the peptide backbone with beta-amino acid residues has resulted in improved antiviral activity and in vivo stability.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
C. Cadena-Cruz, J. L. Villarreal Camacho, Marcio De Avila-Arias, Leidy Hurtado-Gomez, Alexander Rodriguez, Homero San-Juan-Vergara
Summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes acute respiratory infections in neonates and older adults. The attachment glycoprotein (G) interacts with a cell surface receptor to infect host cells. RSV possesses a type I fusion protein F, which undergoes a rearrangement process to facilitate viral entry into host cells. Understanding the entry mechanism of RSV is crucial for the development of effective antiviral therapies.
MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Xidian Tang, Yanfei Xie, Guanhua Li, Zhannur Niyazbekova, Shaofei Li, Jianjun Chang, Dekun Chen, Wentao Ma
Summary: The entry of ORFV into target cells is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, while caveolae-dependent endocytosis has minor effects. Additionally, ORFV entry into cells requires an acidic environment and the involvement of dynamin.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Thomas Fricke, Sarah Schlagowski, Shanchuan Liu, Xiaoliang Yang, Uwe Fiebig, Artur Kaul, Armin Ensser, Alexander S. Hahn
Summary: Foamy viruses (FVs) have different envelope (env) gene sequences in different species, but there is no significant difference in cell tropism. However, there may be significant differences in fitness among different env genes.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mattia Bacca
Summary: This study proposes a simple model to describe diffusion-mediated budding of viruses, revealing important size limitations and size-dependent kinetics. The predicted optimal virion radius is validated against experimental results, and the model can predict the size distribution of a virus population.
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Andrew Tak, Jeffrey L. Americo, Ulrike S. Diesterbeck, Bernard Moss
Summary: Experimental evolution showed adaptive mutations in viruses lacking the O3 gene, with variants containing F9L, L5R, and D8L mutations exhibiting higher virus titers. The F9L mutation appeared earlier in three independent passages than the L5R and D8L mutations. Further analysis revealed that the adaptive F9L mutants had increased infectivity, faster cell entry, and enhanced EFC assembly.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Virology
Nithya Jambunathan, Carolyn M. Clark, Farhana Musarrat, Vladimir N. Chouljenko, Jared Rudd, Konstantin G. Kousoulas
Summary: HSV-1 and HSV-2 are prototypical alphaherpesviruses that infect neurons and establish lifelong latent infections. They cause orofacial and ocular infections, genital and neonatal infections respectively. The viral glycoproteins bind to cellular receptors to enter cells and mediate cell-to-cell fusion for virus spread. The complex of viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors play a critical role in virus entry and spread.
Editorial Material
Microbiology
Tom Gallagher
Summary: A recent study has identified protein complexes, including VPS29, that play a crucial role in creating favorable environments for virus entry into endocytic vesicles. Without VPS29, endosomes lack the necessary protease activities to support the entry of certain viruses. These findings provide valuable insights into the virus-host interactions and may have implications for developing targeted therapies against coronaviruses.
Article
Virology
Yuki Maeda, Shusaku Shibutani, Keiko Onishi, Hiroyuki Iwata
Summary: The study found that IBAV primarily enters host cells through macropinocytosis and depends on endosomal acidification for infection. Inhibitors of clathrin-mediated or caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not suppress IBAV replication, but inhibitors of macropinocytosis and endosomal acidification effectively suppressed viral replication.
Review
Virology
Yongzhe Zhu, Zhiwei He, Zhongtian Qi
Summary: This review outlines the known viral and cellular components involved in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) entry into host cells, with a particular focus on the initial virus-host cell interaction on the cell surface and the downstream early events such as endocytosis, membrane fusion, and viral genome release.
Article
Cell Biology
Wei Hu, Yong Zhang, Panyu Fei, Tongtong Zhang, Danmei Yao, Yufei Gao, Jia Liu, Hui Chen, Qiao Lu, Tenny Mudianto, Xinrui Zhang, Chuxuan Xiao, Yang Ye, Qiming Sun, Jing Zhang, Qi Xie, Pei-Hui Wang, Jun Wang, Zhenhai Li, Jizhong Lou, Wei Chen
Summary: The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 recognizes host receptors through mechanical force, accelerating viral entry and fusion. Mutations can strengthen viral binding and detachment speed, while certain antibodies derived from recovered patients show potential for therapeutic strategies.
Article
Microbiology
Melina Vallbracht, Henriette Loetzsch, Barbara G. Klupp, Walter Fuchs, Benjamin Vollmer, Kay Gruenewald, Marija Backovic, Felix A. Rey, Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Summary: The study identified a pseudorabies virus (PrV) gB variant capable of mediating efficient virus-cell and cell-cell fusion independently of the regulatory protein gi-Vgl. The control exerted on gB by viral proteins is mediated via its cytosolic domain, and a single conserved amino acid mutation in the ectodomain core compensated for the absence of the cytosolic domain, resulting in a hyperfusion phenotype. This discovery provides new insights into the regulation of herpesvirus fusion and potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ryan C. Bruneau, Loubna Tazi, Stefan Rothenburg
Summary: In this article, we review the history of the evolution of cowpox viruses (CPXVs) and their broad host range, lethal outbreaks, and increasing human cases in Eurasian countries. Genetic analyses have revealed multiple Orthopoxvirus species categorized under CPXV designation. We discuss modern outbreaks in zoos, domesticated animals, and humans, including the pathogenesis, geographic range, and molecular level interactions. The potential threat of these viruses and the future of CPXV research are also discussed to provide a comprehensive review of CPXVs.
Article
Virology
Catherine A. Cotter, Bernard Moss
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chen Peng, Bernard Moss
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2020)
Article
Virology
Bernard Moss
ANNUAL REVIEW OF VIROLOGY, VOL 7, 2020
(2020)
Article
Virology
Andrew Tak, Jeffrey L. Americo, Ulrike S. Diesterbeck, Bernard Moss
Summary: Experimental evolution showed adaptive mutations in viruses lacking the O3 gene, with variants containing F9L, L5R, and D8L mutations exhibiting higher virus titers. The F9L mutation appeared earlier in three independent passages than the L5R and D8L mutations. Further analysis revealed that the adaptive F9L mutants had increased infectivity, faster cell entry, and enhanced EFC assembly.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ruikang Liu, Jeffrey L. Americo, Catherine A. Cotter, Patricia L. Earl, Noam Erez, Chen Peng, Bernard Moss
Summary: Research on modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 showed promising results in inducing antibodies and CD8+ T cells, protecting transgenic mice from lethal infection, preventing nasal infection, reducing cytokine expression, and effectively terminating virus replication in vaccinated animals.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Virology
Noam Erez, Linda S. Wyatt, Jeffrey L. Americo, Wei Xiao, Bernard Moss
Summary: The study identified spontaneous mutations in MVA that led to increased replication in monkey BS-C-1 cells but minimal effects in human cells, mainly due to amino acid substitutions in the D10 decapping enzyme. Despite the mutations being distant from the active site of the decapping enzyme, engineered mutations still enhanced virus replication in BS-C-1 cells. The impact of these mutations on the immunogenicity of MVA vectors requires further investigation.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Alexander M. Schin, Ulrike S. Diesterbeck, Bernard Moss
Summary: Poxviruses have a complex entry-fusion complex (EFC) comprised of 11 conserved proteins, and the proximity of individual EFC proteins in living cells was determined using a tripartite split green fluorescent protein assay. A network connecting components of the EFC was derived, confirming previous protein interactions and discovering new ones.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Tatiana G. Senkevich, Natalya Yutin, Yuri Wolf, Eugene Koonin, Bernard Moss
Summary: The survival of viruses relies on their ability to resist host defenses and certain genes play a crucial role in this process. Poxviruses, like Orthopoxviruses (ORPV), have a significant number of genes dedicated to counteracting host immunity. Through evolution, ORPV acquired accessory genes in three major waves, leading to gene duplication and the formation of gene families. Interestingly, most accessory genes were lost during ORPV evolution, suggesting a variety of functional interactions within this virus family.
Editorial Material
Microbiology
Bernard Moss, Geoffrey L. Smith
Article
Microbiology
Ruikang Liu, Jeffrey L. Americo, Patricia L. Earl, Jack Villani, Catherine A. Cotter, Bernard Moss
Summary: The difference in pathogenicity between the pathogenic isolate clone 3 (CL3) and the second-generation smallpox vaccine ACAM2000 is associated with truncation of the interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) decoy receptor. Viruses expressing the full-length decoy receptor are more virulent in mouse models.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeffrey L. Americo, Catherine A. Cotter, Patricia L. Earl, Ruikang Liu, Bernard Moss
Summary: Intranasal administration of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces stronger immune responses compared to intramuscular administration, with higher levels of antibodies and specific T cells. Additionally, intranasal vaccination can prevent or rapidly eliminate SARS-CoV-2 infection.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jeffrey L. Americo, Patricia L. Earl, Bernard Moss
Summary: Monkeypox, a disease similar to smallpox, has become endemic in Africa with limited human-to-human transmission. However, in 2022, the disease spread globally, driven by human-to-human transmission outside of Africa. It is still unclear whether this is due to behavioral factors or the virus adapting to a new host. Genome sequencing revealed differences between the current outbreak strain (clade IIb) and previous strains (clade IIa and clade I), but the impact of these differences on virulence or transmission is yet to be determined. Using a mouse model, researchers found that the clade I virus was more virulent than the clade IIa and IIb.1 strains, suggesting that clade IIb may be evolving diminished virulence or adapting to other species.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Pascal Mutz, Wolfgang Resch, Guilhem Faure, Tatiana G. Senkevich, Eugene V. Koonin, Bernard Moss
Summary: Protein structures are more conserved in evolution than amino acid sequences, making comparative structural analysis important for tracing the origins of rapidly evolving viral proteins. By using AlphaFold2, the structures of orthopoxvirus proteins were predicted, revealing the exaptation of host enzymes for nonenzymatic roles in virus reproduction. This study highlights the unique structural folds of many viral proteins.
Article
Immunology
Catherine A. Cotter, Jeffrey L. Americo, Patricia L. Earl, Bernard Moss
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines show limited effectiveness against variant strains in preventing infection and transmission, highlighting the need for enhanced protection. Inbred mice expressing human SARS-CoV-2 receptor were used to investigate the efficacy of recombinant MVAs expressing modified S proteins against different strains. Vaccines expressing Wuhan, Beta, and Delta S induced cross-neutralizing activities, while Omicron-specific neutralizing antibody predominately occurred with the rMVA expressing Omicron S. Monovalent vaccines with S mismatched to the challenge virus still provided protection against severe disease, but intranasal administration of rMVAs showed better outcomes in reducing viral load in the lungs and nasal turbinates.
Article
Microbiology
Ruikang Liu, Jeffrey L. Americo, Patricia L. Earl, Jack Villani, Catherine A. Cotter, Bernard Moss
Summary: The more pathogenic Clone 3 (CL3) virus compared to ACAM2000 is attributed to the presence of a full-length IFN-alpha/beta decoy receptor in CL3 and a truncation of the receptor in ACAM2000. Experimental evidence shows that viruses expressing the full-length decoy receptor cause more severe diseases in mice.