Dicoumarol enhances gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in high NQ01-expressing cholangiocarcinoma cells

AIM: To investigate whether dicoumarol, a potent inhibitor of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), potentiates gemcitabine to induce cytotoxicity in cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCA) and the role of reactive oxygen generation in sensitizing the cells. METHODS: Four human cell lines with different NQ01 activity were used; the human CCA cell lines, KKU-100, KKU-OCA17, KKU-M214, and Chang liver cells. NQ01 activity and mRNA expression were determined. The cells were pretreated with dicoumarol at relevant concentrations before treatment with gemcitabine. Cytotoxicity was determined by staining with fluorescent dyes. Oxidant formation was examined by assay of cellular glutathione levels and reactive oxygen species production by using dihydrofluorescein diacetate. Measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane potential was performed by using JC-1 fluorescent probe. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine levels of survival related proteins. RESULTS: Dicoumarol markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in KKU-100 and KKU-OCA17, the high NQ01 activity and mRNA expressing cells, but not in the other cells with low NQ01 activity. Dicoumarol induced a marked decrease in cellular redox of glutathione in KKU-100 cells, in contrast to KKU-M214 cells. Dicoumarol at concentrations that inhibited NQ01 activity did not alter mitochondrial transmembrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. Gemcitabine alone induced activation of NF-kappa B and Bcl-xL protein expression. However, gemcitabine and dicoumarol combination induced increased p53 and decreased Bcl-xL levels in KKU-100, but not in KKU-M214 cells. CONCLUSION: NQ01 may be important in sensitizing cells to anticancer drugs and inhibition of NQ01 may be a strategy for the treatment of CCA. (C) 2010 Baishideng. All rights reserved.