Article
Materials Science, Textiles
Yasamin Haririan, Azita Asayesh
Summary: Medical bandages produced by different companies vary in structural and tensile characteristics, resulting in varied pressure exerted on the body under constant stretch. Different compression bandages under the same category require different levels of stretch to achieve and maintain the required pressure. Knitted compression bandages provide higher pressure under minimum stretch compared to woven samples due to higher stiffness.
JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yulin Zhang, Fuqian Yang
Summary: The study prepared carbon microspheres using hydrothermal process, and investigated the compression behavior of wetted carbon-based disks made from carbon microspheres and polytetrafluoroethylene. It was found that the compressive stress exhibited statistical variability and followed a power-law relation with the average maximum strain.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jamshed Haneef, Datta Markad, Renu Chadha, Amit Kumar, Navin Kumar
Summary: The mechanical properties of drug molecules are important for their processing into finished products. This study focuses on the mechanical anisotropy in two polymorphs of ambrisentan. Nanoindentation experiments showed that form I has higher hardness and elastic modulus compared to form II. The differences in mechanical properties were explained by differences in crystal structure and intermolecular interactions. Overall, form II exhibited higher plasticity and tabletability than form I. This study highlights the importance of crystal structure in determining the mechanical performance of drug crystals.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lukasz Wargula, Dominik Wojtkowiak, Mateusz Kukla, Krzysztof Talaska
Summary: This study presents experimental research results on the mechanical properties of pine wood, focusing on the effects of moisture content and force direction. By developing a model using finite element analysis, the study aims to estimate the maximum destructive force of the material and design energy-efficient and durable grinding machines. The accuracy of the model in determining the maximum destructive force is around 8%, with an average coverage of about 77% for elastic-plastic deformations.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yiheng Sun, Guangjian Peng, Guijing Dou, Yahao Hu, Peijian Chen, Taihua Zhang
Summary: This study presents a nano-compression method for investigating the elastic modulus of microcapsule shells. A nano-compression model is proposed to evaluate the shell elastic modulus. Experimental validation and finite element simulations on PMMA microcapsules demonstrate the accuracy of the model.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Baoshan Jia, Hongye Gao, Yun Lei, Yongxiang Zheng, Wei Wang
Summary: The stress field plays a critical role in fracture propagation during hydraulic fracturing, especially under nonuniform stress conditions. In this study, a stress field with gradient was created to investigate the impact of nonuniform stress on fracture propagation. Using a three-dimensional block distinct element model, the law of fracture propagation under nonuniform stress was determined, and the mechanisms behind stress gradient and uneven fracture propagation were revealed. The influence of elastic modulus and construction parameters on uneven propagation was also analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the influence of elastic modulus follows a chi(2) distribution equation, while the influence of construction parameters can be expressed as the product of injection rate and fluid viscosity. This conclusion has theoretical significance for fracturing operations under nonuniform in situ stress conditions.
ENERGY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xiaoming Yuan, Weiqi Wang, Xuan Zhu, Lijie Zhang
Summary: This study proposes a calculation model of dynamic bulk modulus that considers temperature factors. The effects of system pressure, air fraction, and temperature on bulk modulus are investigated using the controlled variable method. The theoretical model is validated by comparing it with experimental values.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Peter Desmond, Kees Theo Huisman, Huma Sanawar, Nadia M. Farhat, Jacqueline Traber, Einar O. Fridjonsson, Michael L. Johns, Hans-Curt Flemming, Cristian Picioreanu, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder
Summary: The application of membrane technology for water treatment and reuse is hindered by microbial biofilm growth, which increases resistance and decreases water quality and quantity. In this review, the authors critically assess specific structural features of membrane biofilms that affect hydraulic resistance and discuss how biofilm engineering can be used to decrease resistance.
Article
Plant Sciences
Yong-Qiang Wang, Ming-Yuan Ni, Wen-Hao Zeng, Dong-Liu Huang, Wei Xiang, Peng-Cheng He, Qing Ye, Kun-Fang Cao, Shi-Dan Zhu
Summary: The study reveals a significant correlation between leaf biomechanical resistance and hydraulic safety in sub-tropical woody species, although there is no correlation between biomechanical resistance and maximum leaf hydraulic conductance. Additionally, biomechanical resistance is found to be correlated with leaf outside-xylem hydraulic conductance.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Gaoyu Liu, Hongpeng Liao, Xuan Zhao, Wei-Hsin Liao, Junyi Cao
Summary: Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery allows surgeons to perform complex surgical operations with less damage and pain. A new tactile display device based on MR fluid is proposed, which overcomes the major drawbacks of existing devices and provides various sensations to human fingers.
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Huan Wang, Jiu-Tao Hang, Zhuo Chang, Guang-Kui Xu
Summary: Epithelial monolayers play an important role in physiological activities and their mechanical behavior has been extensively studied. However, there is currently a lack of a mechanical model that can accurately describe both the dynamic and static responses of epithelial monolayers. In this study, we propose a multi-scale structural model based on the structural features of cells, which can effectively capture the dynamic and static mechanical properties of cell monolayers.
ACTA MECHANICA SINICA
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sawanya Dararat, Warat Kongkitkul, Goran Arangjelovski, Hoe I. Ling
Summary: The paper presents an alternative method for evaluating the elastic modulus of pavement structure materials by conducting a 1D compression test and measuring the theta value. By analyzing the constrained modulus difference and its relationship with theta, the true constrained modulus can be determined for use in pavement engineering design.
ROAD MATERIALS AND PAVEMENT DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
YongJin Kim, SangHyuk Yoo, Hyung Gyu Lee, Yoonjin Won, Jimin Choi, Keonwook Kang
Summary: The porosity of silica aerogel is the main parameter that determines the dielectric constant, and it should be at least 0.76 to achieve a very low dielectric constant of 1.5. Additionally, while maintaining the porosity of 0.76, the silica aerogel needs to be designed in an ordered open pores structure (OOPS) containing 64 or more pores positioned in a simple cubic lattice point to endure the required elastic modulus of 8 GPa to prevent delamination.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Rachel Martini, Jorge Carvalho, Antonio Arede, Humberto Varum
Summary: The aim of this study is to deepen the technical and scientific knowledge related to the characterization of granite masonry based on geophysical tests, mechanical techniques, and neural networks. Nondestructive test methods were used to characterize traditional stone masonry, and a mechanical characterization simulation tool using artificial neural networks (ANNs) was developed and applied to traditional granite walls. The feasibility of using ANN simulation tools for characterizing traditional and historic buildings constructed with granite stone masonry was demonstrated through case studies in Portugal.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Nicolas Derlon, Peter Desmond, Patrick A. Ruehs, Eberhard Morgenroth
Summary: The study found that intermittent shear helps slow down flux decline but does not increase permeate flux stability. Biofilms display significant adaptability to their hydraulic environment, making it infeasible to engineer membrane biofilms for desired permeability using intermittent shear.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lenno van den Berg, Mario Pronk, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Merle K. de Kreuk
Summary: This study compared four methods to measure the density of granular sludge in a full-scale plant treating domestic sewage, and assessed the effect of salinity on granule density. Most methods yielded reliable results, as long as the effect of salinity was considered.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sadiye Kosar, Onur Isik, Busra Cicekalan, Hazal Gulhan, Ece Sagir Kurt, Ezgi Atli, Safak Basa, Hale Ozgun, Ismail Koyuncu, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Mustafa Evren Ersahin
Summary: This study investigated the impact of settling prior to the aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process on granulation and treatment performance. The results showed that granulation was achieved in both stages, with over 92% COD removal efficiency in each stage. However, settling prior to the AGS process led to a decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Vojtech Kouba, Kamila Hurkova, Klara Navratilova, Dana Kok, Andrea Benakova, Michele Laureni, Patricie Vodickova, Tomas Podzimek, Petra Lipovova, Laura van Niftrik, Jana Hajslova, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, David Gregory Weissbrodt, Jan Bartacek
Summary: This study investigates the adaptation mechanisms of anammox bacteria to low temperatures. Shorter ladderane lipids were found to play a key role in low-temperature adaptation. Ca. Scalindua and Ca. Kuenenia exhibited different ladderane lipid profiles compared to Ca. Brocadia, suggesting their adaptability to low temperatures. Additionally, the study proposes new mechanisms, including ladderanes with absent phosphatidyl headgroup, for the low-temperature adaptation of anammox bacteria.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Nicolas Derlon, Mercedes Garcia Villodres, Robert Kovacs, Antoine Brison, Manuel Layer, Imre Takacs, Eberhard Morgenroth
Summary: This study developed a new aerobic granular sludge (AGS) model that incorporates key features of full-scale AGS systems and demonstrated the significant impact of hydraulic selection on the predictions of biomass inventory, microbial activities, and effluent quality. The results highlight the importance of considering hydraulic selection in AGS models for accurate predictions.
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Laurence Strubbe, Edward J. H. van Dijk, Pascalle J. M. Deenekamp, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Eveline I. P. Volcke
Summary: In the pursuit of reducing carbon footprint and energy costs, energy efficiency is crucial. This study focused on aerobic granular sludge reactors and found that they consume up to 50% less energy compared to conventional activated sludge systems. The study also investigated the dynamic behavior of the alpha factor and identified exchange ratio and temperature as the main influencing factors on its rate of increase during the aeration phase.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sadiye Kosar, Onur Isik, Busra Cicekalan, Hazal Gulhan, Seyma Cingoz, Mustafa Yoruk, Hale Ozgun, Ismail Koyuncu, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Mustafa Evren Ersahin
Summary: Achieving a neutral/positive energy balance without compromising discharge standards is a key goal in wastewater treatment plants. This study explores the coupling of high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) process with aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process as an energy-efficient pre-treatment option. The results show that feeding the AGS process with a mixture of HRAS process effluent and raw municipal wastewater can increase energy recovery potential and maintain high effluent quality.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Eva Reynaert, Flavia Gretener, Timothy R. Julian, Eberhard Morgenroth
Summary: In this study, the ability of five commercially available online sensors to predict the microbial water quality in membrane bioreactors followed by chlorination was tested. It was found that free chlorine and oxidation-reduction potential could predict the microbial water quality well, with oxidation-reduction potential-based models performing better. A methodology to link online sensor measurements to risk-based water quality targets and provide operation setpoints protective of human health for specific combinations of wastewaters and reuse applications was proposed.
Article
Polymer Science
Abdo Bou-Sarkis, Etienne Paul, Elisabeth Girbal-Neuhauser, Nicolas Derlon, Yolaine Bessiere
Summary: The valorization of biological aggregates can be enhanced by extracting hydrogel-forming polymers, which can improve the economics and sustainability of various bacterial processes, such as wastewater treatment. To detect the presence of gel-forming polymers in complex mixtures, a miniaturized screening method using only a small amount of sample is proposed. This method calculates reactivity and gel volume, and it has been successfully applied to commercial molecules and extracellular polymeric substances.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Amir Tabakovic, Jeremy Lemmens, Jelmer Tamis, Dave van Vliet, Sayeda Nahar, Willem Suitela, Mark van Loosdrecht, Greet Leegwater
Summary: Bitumen is essential in asphalt pavements for its binding properties and ability to restore damage caused by traffic loading. With the decline in crude oil production, there is a need to find environmentally sustainable alternatives for bitumen modifiers. This paper investigates the potential use of the bio-based co-polymer PHBV as an alternative bitumen modifier and presents positive results from various tests.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Navid Ahmadi, Mona Abbasi, Ali Torabian, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Joel Ducoste
Summary: The transformation of four pharmaceuticals in a moving bed biofilm reactor was investigated under different COD/N ratios. Changes in the COD/N ratio influenced the competition between heterotrophic and nitrifying communities, resulting in shifts in microbial populations and composition in the biofilms. Autotrophic conditions exhibited higher transformation rates, indicating the importance of nitrification.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Nam Kyeun Kim, Debes Bhattacharyya, Mark van Loosdrecht, Yuemei Lin
Summary: This research developed a bio-based flame retardant using a biopolymer derived from wastewater sludge to enhance the fire performance of polypropylene (PP). The study found that the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from wastewater sludge played a significant role in improving the char formation of PP composite. The incorporation of the bio-based flame retardant restricted the vertical burning characteristics of PP and improved its tensile moduli.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Deborah Stoffel, Nicolas Derlon, Jacqueline Traber, Christian Staaks, Martin Heijnen, Eberhard Morgenroth, Celine Jacquin
Summary: Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration is a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional ultrafiltration (UF) for drinking water production. By utilizing compact and low-cost membrane modules, including second-life UF modules, stable flux and biopolymer removal can be maintained while reducing membrane expenses.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Quan H. Le, Peter J. T. Verheijen, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht, Eveline I. P. Volcke
Summary: This study focuses on the application of data reconciliation to dynamic wastewater treatment processes. The researchers studied the SHARON partial nitritation process and found that splitting the long-term dynamic data into subsets corresponding to different pseudo-steady-state operations improved the detection of gross errors and allowed for a higher number of variables to be reconciled. They also discovered that the infiltration of air and errors in grab sampling had a significant impact on calculating N2O emissions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
T. Prot, W. Pannekoek, C. Belloni, A. Dugulan, R. Hendrikx, L. Korving, M. C. M. van Loosdrecht
Summary: The study found that vivianite can be efficiently formed in undigested activated sludge, and phosphorus recovery can be achieved without the use of a sludge digester. Additionally, recovering vivianite from undigested sludge can reduce waste disposal and mitigate vivianite scaling formation.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wenzel Gruber, Paul M. Magyar, Ivan Mitrovic, Kerstin Zeyer, Michael Vogel, Luzia von Kaenel, Lucien Biolley, Roland A. Werner, Eberhard Morgenroth, Moritz F. Lehmann, Daniel Braun, Adriano Joss, Joachim Mohn
Summary: This study investigates the pathways of N2O production in a full-scale plug-flow wastewater treatment plant through the monitoring of N2O isotopic composition. Heterotrophic denitrification is identified as the main N2O production pathway, while nitrifier denitrification is less important and more variable. N2O reduction is related to the availability of dissolved inorganic N and organic substrates.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Rong-Gui Zhu, Chang-Gui Pan, Feng-Jiao Peng, Chao-Yang Zhou, Jun-Jie Hu, Kefu Yu
Summary: This comprehensive survey investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic magnification of parabens and their metabolite 4-HB in a marine food web. Results showed that parabens were the predominant pollutants in marine organisms, with significant bioaccumulation from sediments. The estimated trophic magnification factor indicated biomagnification for MeP and trophic dilution for 4-HB. Overall, the risks for humans consuming marine organisms were found to be low.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Andres F. Torres-Franco, Deborah Leroy-Freitas, Cristina Martinez-Fraile, Elisa Rodriguez, Pedro A. Garcia-Encina, Raul Munoz
Summary: Anaerobic and microalgae-based technologies have emerged as sustainable alternatives for municipal wastewater treatment. However, the presence of viruses in the treated wastewater is a major concern for reuse applications. This study assessed the ability of these technologies to reduce viruses during secondary wastewater treatment. The results showed that all technologies were effective in reducing the concentration of viruses, with microalgae-based treatment exhibiting the highest potential for reducing the disinfection requirements of treated wastewater.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Young Gwang Kim, Sae Yun Kwon, Spencer J. Washburn, Scott C. Brooks, Ji Won Yoon, Lucien Besnard
Summary: The study uses Hg isotope ratios to identify the sources and exposure pathways of mercury in bivalves, finding that dissolved Hg phases in the water column are the primary source and exposure pathway to bivalves. This provides new insights into using bivalves as bioindicators for sediment quality monitoring.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hui Geng, Ying Xu, Rui Liu, Dianhai Yang, Xiaohu Dai
Summary: This study investigates the effect of cation exchange resin (CER) on the sequential recovery of hydrogen and methane from anaerobic digestion (AD) and the corresponding mechanisms. The results show that CER can simultaneously enhance the production of hydrogen and methane by promoting the solubilisation, hydrolysis, and acidification of organic matter. Additionally, CER facilitates effective contact between bacteria and organic particulates and reduces the energy barrier for mass transfer during methane production. The study also reveals changes in the microbial community structure and metagenomics during the AD process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaojing Lin, Zhan Jin, Shunfeng Jiang, Zhiquan Wang, Suqing Wu, Ke Bei, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng
Summary: Dehumidification combined with addition of absorbent resin supplement (ARS) was used to achieve rapid evaporation of non-pretreated urine, resulting in high water evaporation efficiency and nutrient recovery.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yangli Che, Chaoran Lin, Shen Li, Jiao Liu, Longhai Zhu, Shilei Yu, Nan Wang, Haoshuai Li, Mutai Bao, Yang Zhou, Tonghao Si, Rui Bao
Summary: Hydrodynamic processes play a crucial role in the transmission of sediments, microbial assembly, and organic carbon redistribution in the ocean. Through experiments and analysis, we found that hydrodynamics shape the assembly of microbial communities and control the redistribution of different sourced organic carbon, thereby influencing microbial-mediated biogeochemical transformation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chao Chen, Yu Yang, Nigel J. D. Graham, Zhenyu Li, Xingtao Yang, Zhining Wang, Nadia Farhat, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, Li -an Hou
Summary: The fouling of seawater reverse osmosis membranes is a persistent challenge in desalination. This study monitored the operational performance of a desalination plant for 7 years and the fouling development in different areas of membrane modules. The findings showed that operational performance declined over time and fouling mainly occurred at the feed side of the modules, with the highest microbial diversity. Keystone species like Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes played an important role in maintaining community structure and biofilm maturation. Polysaccharides, soluble microbial products, marine humic acid-like substances, and inorganic substances contributed to fouling. Overall, biofouling had a significant impact on membrane fouling after 7 years of operation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dan Li, Jieyi Sun, Yibo Fu, Wentao Hong, Heli Wang, Qian Yang, Junhong Wu, Sen Yang, Jianhui Xu, Yunfei Zhang, Yirong Deng, Yin Zhong, Ping'an Peng
Summary: Sulfidation-oxidation treatment of magnetite (Fe3O4) enhances the production of dark center dot OH, which can efficiently degrade dissolved organic matter (DOM) and accelerate carbon cycling.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Cheng Yu, Kaijun Wang, Kaiyuan Zhang, Ruiyang Liu, Pingping Zheng
Summary: This study implemented a microaerobic-aerobic configuration in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment facility and investigated the effects on sludge characteristics, pollutant removal, microbial community, and granulation mechanisms. The results showed successful transition from flocculent-activated sludge to well-defined AGS after two months of operation. The primary pathways for pollutant removal were simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal. Moreover, the incorporation of internal separators induced shifts in the flow pattern, which promoted granulation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhe Zhang, Shaoyang Hu, Guangrong Sun, Wei Wang
Summary: Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as halogenated phenols, have garnered widespread attention due to their high toxicity and prevalence. This study reports on the analysis, occurrence, and cytotoxicity of a group of emerging halogenated aromatic DBPs, known as halogenated polyhydroxyphenols (HPPs), in drinking water.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shengyue Chen, Jinliang Huang, Peng Wang, Xi Tang, Zhenyu Zhang
Summary: Accurate prediction of river water quality is crucial for sustainable water management. This study introduces wavelet analysis and transfer learning techniques to assist LSTM modeling, proposing a newly coupled modeling approach that improves short-term prediction of river water quality.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Bang Du, Xinmin Zhan, Piet N. L. Lens, Yifeng Zhang, Guangxue Wu
Summary: Efficient anaerobic digestion relies on the cooperation of different microorganisms with different metabolic pathways. This study investigated the effects of different operational modes and the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on ethanol metabolic pathways. The results showed that the SBR mode and the presence of CO2 facilitated ethanol metabolism towards propionate production, while the CFR mode with extended solids retention time enriched Geobacter. Adjusting operational modes and PAC addition can modulate anaerobic ethanol metabolism and enrich Geobacter.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wanfa Wang, Si-Liang Li, Jun Zhong, Yuanbi Yi, Fujun Yue, Zenglei Han, Qixin Wu, Ding He, Cong-Qiang Liu
Summary: This study compares the carbon biogeochemical processes in karst and non-karst regions within large thermal stratified river-reservoir systems. The results demonstrate that karst reservoirs have a reduced potential for carbon emissions and highlight the importance of considering geologic settings to improve accuracy in regional and global CO2 emission estimates.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunxia Jiang, Zelong Zhao, Dong Zhu, Xiong Pan, Yuyi Yang
Summary: This study analyzed the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different environmental media of the Yangtze River using metagenomics. Core resistome dominated by multidrug resistance genes was found in all samples, while rare resistome dominated by various resistance genes was more prevalent in plasmids. Specific bacteria were identified as hosts for both core and rare resistomes, with high clinical concern ARGs found in the rare resistome. Particle-associated environment provided the most ideal conditions for resistome hosts. This study provided insights into the genetic locations of ARGs and the community assembly mechanisms of ARG hosts in freshwater environments.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yu Zhang, Yongtao He, Linchun Jia, Lei Xu, Zheng Wang, Yueling He, Ling Xiong, Xumeng Lin, Hong Chen, Gang Xue
Summary: By synergizing organic carbon source, thiosulfate, and zero-valent iron, efficient mixotrophic denitrification of oligotrophic secondary effluent can be achieved. Thiosulfate plays a vital role in promoting TN removal efficiency, while corrosion of Fe0 releases OH- to neutralize H+ from thiosulfate-driven denitrification, creating a suitable environment for denitrification. The coordination of thiosulfate and Fe0 maintains the dominance of Thiobacillus for denitrification.
