Article
Agricultural Engineering
Pengfei Wan, Ying Liu, Quandi Zhang, Li Jiang, Heping Chen, Wenzhou Lv
Summary: Candida Tropicalis was used to improve the dewaterability of activated sludge (AS) by degrading EPS in AS, resulting in a decrease in protein, polysaccharide, and hydrophilic amino acids in EPS. The yeast degraded macromolecular organics into smaller molecular ones and direct addition of yeast to AS was more effective in EPS degradation. Addition of 0.75 g/L of wet yeast cells and 24 h of aeration enhanced the dewaterability of AS with a reduction in CST and MLSS. After 30 days of operation, lab-scale continuous SBRs reduced CST and MLSS of AS. FTIR spectroscopy showed a decrease in hydrophilic functional groups. This study presents a new approach for in-situ reduction of AS in wastewater treatment plants.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Ming Zhang, Caroline L. Peacock, Peng Cai, Ke-Qing Xiao, Chenchen Qu, Yichao Wu, Qiaoyun Huang
Summary: Recent research has shown that microbially-derived compounds, particularly extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), play a significant role in the soil organic matter pool. The interaction between EPS and soil minerals affects the sorption and selective retention of EPS constituents. The study investigates the EPS association pathways with ferrihydrite and their impact on the mobility and fate of microbially-derived organic matter in soil environments.
GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaoying Liu, Jie Liu, Dongkun Deng, Renjie Li, Chao Guo, Jinxia Ma, Ming Chen
Summary: The study revealed a positive correlation between EPS content and sludge granulation, with increased protein concentration facilitating microbial aggregation and sludge granulation. Environmental factors affect the properties of EPS, with different types of sludge generating varying levels of EPS and protein concentrations.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
You Ma, Pei-Kun Yuan, Yu Wu, Han Meng, Guo-Xiang Wang, Wen-Ming Xie, Li-Min Zhang, Jie Ma, Yan Xiao
Summary: This study investigated the role of main components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in antibiotic adsorption through enzymatic treatment of activated sludge. The results showed that proteinase K and alpha-amylase can efficiently hydrolyze the proteins and polysaccharides of EPS, significantly enhancing the adsorption capacity of activated sludge for antibiotics. A multivariable linear regression model was successfully developed to quantify the impact of EPS components on antibiotic adsorption.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Antonio Melo, Joana Costa, Cristina Quintelas, Eugenio C. Ferreira, Daniela P. Mesquita
Summary: The study compared biomass stress-responses under long-term exposure to ibuprofen and found that IBU significantly reduced the removal efficiencies of COD and NH4+, while the composition of EPS also changed, with higher protein content in TBEPS during phases containing IBU.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
You Ma, Pei-Kun Yuan, Yu Wu, Xin-Ying Cheng, Han Meng, Huan He, Guo-Xiang Wang, Xue-Ming Chen, Wen-Ming Xie, Li-Min Zhang
Summary: The study found that removing EPS from activated sludge can increase the adsorption capacity for TMP at environmentally relevant concentrations.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hao Wang, Defang Ma, Weiye Shi, Zhiyu Yang, Yun Cai, Baoyu Gao
Summary: Chemical cleaning of MBR membrane modules with NaClO generates DBPs, with HAAs and TCM dominating. Modulating cleaning conditions can influence DBP formation and reduce toxic risks. EPS extraction pretreatment accelerates DBP formation, with EPS showing resistance to chlorine.
FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yun Zhou, Ran Li, Bing Guo, Siqing Xia, Yang Liu, Bruce E. Rittmann
Summary: The study found that a COD/TN ratio of 20 g COD/g N in the oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor resulted in efficient removal of LAS, COD, NH4+ - N, and TN, as well as promoted the biodegradation of LAS and nitrogen by bacteria, protecting microbial physiological functions, and achieving stable and efficient simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Xinyi Zhang, Bin Zhao, Qiang An, Peng Zhang
Summary: This study found that nitrate promotes aerobic granular sludge (AGS) granulation, but long-term addition of nitrate leads to granular disintegration. Nitrate stimulates the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially proteins, promoting granulation, but excessive EPS can cause disintegration. Nitrate also alters the physicochemical properties of EPS, further affecting granulation.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yaqin Wang, Jianwei Li, Jianrong Zhu
Summary: This experimental work compared the fouling characteristics of submerged MBR and sidestream MBR with aerobic granular sludge. The results showed that the submerged membrane bioreactor with granular sludge had a longer operation time and more effectively reduced membrane fouling. The key fouling factor in the MGSBRs was pore blocking resistance, and the presence of microorganisms in the foulants contributed to membrane fouling.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Peng Yang, Dandan Li, Weijun Zhang, Jing Ai, Sainan Peng, Dongsheng Wang, Fengguo Cui
Summary: The study demonstrated that organic acids chelated ferrous ions can significantly enhance sludge dewaterability, leading to improved dewatering performance through the activation of NaClO.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rui Wang, Zijing An, Lu Fan, Yan Zhou, Xiaomei Su, Junjie Zhu, Qian Zhang, Chongjun Chen, Hongjun Lin, Faqian Sun
Summary: Quorum quenching (QQ) is a novel technique for controlling biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) by disrupting quorum sensing (QS) and inhibiting biofilm formation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the QQ strain Brucella sp. ZJ1, encapsulated in alginate beads, in mitigating biofouling. The results showed that MBR with QQ beads extended operation time by 2-3 times without affecting pollutant degradation, and these beads maintained approximately 50% QQ activity even after 50 days of operation.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xuhui Wang, Lei Yang, Yongxiang Ren, Shen Cui, Linkai Guo, Zhihao Zhang
Summary: The study revealed significant impacts of COD/N ratios on the floc properties and microbial communities of nitrifying sludge, showing that excessive organic loads severely deteriorated nitrification rate and biomass-liquid separation.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Reza Shokoohi, Dostmorad Zafari, Mohammad Taghi Samadi, Seyed Amir Ghiasian, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, Sara Mahdian, Mohammad Molla Mahmoudi
Summary: In this study, a filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens was isolated from sewage sludge and its effectiveness in enhancing sludge dewaterability was evaluated. The results showed that inoculating fungal mycelium into sterilized sludge significantly improved sludge dewaterability by reducing SRF and CST values. The degradation of extracellular polymeric substances by the fungal mycelium was responsible for the improved dewaterability. The treated sludge also exhibited reduced slime and loosely bound EPS. The CST and SRF of the fungal-treated sludge were positively correlated with S-EPS and LB-EPS.
BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ronghua Xu, Wentian Zhang, Yue Fu, Fuqiang Fan, Zanmin Zhou, Jincan Chen, Wanli Liu, Fangang Meng
Summary: This study reveals the positive role of influent species immigration (ISI) in mitigating membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater. The results show that ISI can reduce the fouling rate and the sludge from the MBR-C (fed with raw municipal wastewater) has higher fouling index and biofilm formation potential than the MBR-E (fed with sterilized municipal wastewater). The presence of diverse and abundant populations responsible for floc-forming, hydrolysis/fermentation, and SMP degradation in the influent supports the increased floc size and lowered SMP concentrations in the MBR-C.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Fatima Khanum, Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry, George Skouteris, Devendra Saroj, Prashant Kumar
Summary: This study aimed to assess the physicochemical characteristics of PM10 in congested and non-congested areas of Lahore, Pakistan, finding higher contents of most elements in congested areas. Principal component analysis revealed that 72% of PM10 originates from road dust and vehicular sources, with 38% from industrial sources.
INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Fisheries
Jenna Vergeynst, Ine Pauwels, Raf Baeyens, Ans Mouton, Tom De Mulder, Ingmar Nopens
Summary: Studied the migratory behavior of European eels in the Albert Canal to determine that migration efficiency depends on intrinsic behavior and flow in the canal pound, increasing flow can facilitate fish migration.
ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
A. Y. Gebreyohannes, T. Geens, A. Kubarev, M. Roeffaers, W. Naessens, T. Swusten, T. Verbiest, I Nopens, Suzana P. Nunes, I. F. J. Vankelecom
Summary: The structures and distribution of enzymatically active magnetic-responsive dynamic layers in a crossflow superparamagnetic biocatalytic membrane reactor were investigated. The trade-off between mass transfer rate, fouling tendency, and dynamic layer stability depends on various forces acting on the Enz(SP). Real-time visual inspection of the biointerface was achieved through computational fluid dynamics-guided design of a crossflow system and fluorescence microscopy imaging.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jiean Ling, Eve Germain, Richard Murphy, Devendra Saroj
Summary: There is a growing demand for an integrated assessment to identify asset management options based on sustainability in the wastewater industry. This study developed a Multi-Criteria Analysis based framework to evaluate wastewater treatment processes and applied it to sewage treatment works. Preliminary interviews with stakeholders were conducted to understand the decision and organizational context of water companies.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mathilde Besson, Sylvaine Berger, Ligia Tiruta-barna, Etienne Paul, Mathieu Sperandio
Summary: The study compared different scenarios of wastewater treatment to achieve resource recovery, showing that urine and blackwater separation are more effective options with significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Greywater separation, while slightly less effective in mitigating climate change impact, needs attention to energy consumption.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pello Alfonso-Muniozguren, Ana Gomes, Devendra Saroj, Vitor J. P. Vilar, Judy Lee
Summary: The study evaluated the use of ozone as a pre-treatment or simultaneous treatment with UVC/H2O2 for polishing real bio-treated slaughterhouse wastewater. Pre-treatment significantly reduced TSS, turbidity, and color, while the one-step treatment strategy allowed more efficient use of ozone by reducing the required amount.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Zhengxu Yan, Shikun Cheng, Jian Zhang, Devendra P. Saroj, Heinz-Peter Mang, Yanzhao Han, Lingling Zhang, Davaa Basandorj, Lei Zheng, Zifu Li
Summary: One of the main challenges for the large-scale implementation of urine source separation is the spontaneous precipitation in urine diversion systems, which requires constant evaluation and improvement of techniques to ensure wide applicability, economic and environmental benefits, and social acceptance. Economic assessment indicates that maximizing the value of urine-derived fertilizers is crucial for attracting investors and promoting the implementation of urine source separation.
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Precious Nneka Amori, Jose Carlos Mierzwa, Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, Bing Guo, Devendra Prakash Saroj
Summary: Integration of high water-volume and nutrient-rich industrial wastewater into existing water management plan can protect freshwater resources, mitigate water scarcity problems and support agriculture. The use of a sustainable hybrid biological-ozonation process can effectively treat the wastewater. Irrigation with treated wastewater can result in higher crop yields and improved root growth. This solution is of great importance in addressing global water stress and water shortage in agriculture.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Anees, Shama Sehar, Saleh S. Alhewairini, Devendra P. Saroj, Safia Ahmed
Summary: The study evaluated the wastewater treatment efficiency of a low-cost pilot-scale trickling filter system under different temperature conditions, showing average reductions in various parameters and decreased fecal coliform count. A zero-order kinetics model was established to enhance the system's capability to handle different types of wastewater.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Zhengxu Yan, Zifu Li, Shikun Cheng, Xuemei Wang, Lingling Zhang, Lei Zheng, Devendra P. Saroj
Summary: This study investigated the effects of particle diameter, particle density, particle shape factor, and fluid flow velocity on particle deposition behavior in turbulent flow. The results showed that increasing particle diameter, particle density, and particle shape factor led to an increase in deposition rate, while the increase in fluid flow velocity no longer significantly affected deposition rate. The optimized fluid flow velocity range may help reduce the deposition of mineral solids in urine diversion systems.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Joan Pauline Talubo, Roy Alvin Malenab, Stephen Morse, Devendra Saroj
Summary: Despite existing literature on indicators of disaster resilience, little has been done to include practitioner insights. This paper proposes a mixed methodology to develop composite indicators for the resilience of island communities to disasters, using participatory approaches and case studies in the Philippines.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
James E. M. Daly, Devendra P. P. Saroj, Jonathan L. Chenoweth, Thomas Parrott
Summary: This study investigates the use of delayed action Passive Infrared sensors in controlling water use for urinal flushing and identifies grouped delayed action flushing as the most effective method for reducing water consumption.
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Mac-Anthony Nnorom, Devendra Saroj, Lisa Avery, Rupert Hough, Bing Guo
Summary: The urgent need to reduce the environmental burden of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become even more apparent as efforts are made globally to tackle the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Sewage sludge and animal manure contain concerning levels of ARGs, and their inadequate attenuation during conventional anaerobic digestion compromises the safety of the nutrient-rich digestate commonly recycled to agricultural land. This review discusses the potential use of carbon-and iron-based conductive materials (CMs) as additives to mitigate the proliferation of ARGs.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shaomin Guo, Xiuwei Ao, Xin Ma, Shikun Cheng, Cong Men, Hidenori Harada, Devendra P. Saroj, Heinz -Peter Mang, Zifu Li, Lei Zheng
Summary: This paper introduces a high-gravity technology that improves ammonia stripping from fresh waste leachate and applies a machine learning approach to predict stripping performance. The study finds that ammonia stripping under a high-gravity field achieves an efficiency of 82.73%, and the machine learning model provides good accuracy and predictive performance.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Carla Mae Jabar Pausta, Michael Angelo Baliwag Promentilla, Alberto Leyes Longos Jr, Aileen Huelgas Orbecido, Arnel Bas Beltran, Regina Gador Damalerio, Maria Eda Apple Artesano Suplido, Devendra Saroj
Summary: Nutrient recovery technologies have been developed and optimized to address challenges in water and wastewater management, sanitation, and agri-food systems. However, these technologies have been rarely explored in developing countries. This study installed a nutrient recovery batch reactor system in the Philippines to process raw septage and recover high-value fertilizers for local crop production.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Rong-Gui Zhu, Chang-Gui Pan, Feng-Jiao Peng, Chao-Yang Zhou, Jun-Jie Hu, Kefu Yu
Summary: This comprehensive survey investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic magnification of parabens and their metabolite 4-HB in a marine food web. Results showed that parabens were the predominant pollutants in marine organisms, with significant bioaccumulation from sediments. The estimated trophic magnification factor indicated biomagnification for MeP and trophic dilution for 4-HB. Overall, the risks for humans consuming marine organisms were found to be low.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Andres F. Torres-Franco, Deborah Leroy-Freitas, Cristina Martinez-Fraile, Elisa Rodriguez, Pedro A. Garcia-Encina, Raul Munoz
Summary: Anaerobic and microalgae-based technologies have emerged as sustainable alternatives for municipal wastewater treatment. However, the presence of viruses in the treated wastewater is a major concern for reuse applications. This study assessed the ability of these technologies to reduce viruses during secondary wastewater treatment. The results showed that all technologies were effective in reducing the concentration of viruses, with microalgae-based treatment exhibiting the highest potential for reducing the disinfection requirements of treated wastewater.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Young Gwang Kim, Sae Yun Kwon, Spencer J. Washburn, Scott C. Brooks, Ji Won Yoon, Lucien Besnard
Summary: The study uses Hg isotope ratios to identify the sources and exposure pathways of mercury in bivalves, finding that dissolved Hg phases in the water column are the primary source and exposure pathway to bivalves. This provides new insights into using bivalves as bioindicators for sediment quality monitoring.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hui Geng, Ying Xu, Rui Liu, Dianhai Yang, Xiaohu Dai
Summary: This study investigates the effect of cation exchange resin (CER) on the sequential recovery of hydrogen and methane from anaerobic digestion (AD) and the corresponding mechanisms. The results show that CER can simultaneously enhance the production of hydrogen and methane by promoting the solubilisation, hydrolysis, and acidification of organic matter. Additionally, CER facilitates effective contact between bacteria and organic particulates and reduces the energy barrier for mass transfer during methane production. The study also reveals changes in the microbial community structure and metagenomics during the AD process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaojing Lin, Zhan Jin, Shunfeng Jiang, Zhiquan Wang, Suqing Wu, Ke Bei, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng
Summary: Dehumidification combined with addition of absorbent resin supplement (ARS) was used to achieve rapid evaporation of non-pretreated urine, resulting in high water evaporation efficiency and nutrient recovery.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yangli Che, Chaoran Lin, Shen Li, Jiao Liu, Longhai Zhu, Shilei Yu, Nan Wang, Haoshuai Li, Mutai Bao, Yang Zhou, Tonghao Si, Rui Bao
Summary: Hydrodynamic processes play a crucial role in the transmission of sediments, microbial assembly, and organic carbon redistribution in the ocean. Through experiments and analysis, we found that hydrodynamics shape the assembly of microbial communities and control the redistribution of different sourced organic carbon, thereby influencing microbial-mediated biogeochemical transformation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chao Chen, Yu Yang, Nigel J. D. Graham, Zhenyu Li, Xingtao Yang, Zhining Wang, Nadia Farhat, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, Li -an Hou
Summary: The fouling of seawater reverse osmosis membranes is a persistent challenge in desalination. This study monitored the operational performance of a desalination plant for 7 years and the fouling development in different areas of membrane modules. The findings showed that operational performance declined over time and fouling mainly occurred at the feed side of the modules, with the highest microbial diversity. Keystone species like Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes played an important role in maintaining community structure and biofilm maturation. Polysaccharides, soluble microbial products, marine humic acid-like substances, and inorganic substances contributed to fouling. Overall, biofouling had a significant impact on membrane fouling after 7 years of operation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dan Li, Jieyi Sun, Yibo Fu, Wentao Hong, Heli Wang, Qian Yang, Junhong Wu, Sen Yang, Jianhui Xu, Yunfei Zhang, Yirong Deng, Yin Zhong, Ping'an Peng
Summary: Sulfidation-oxidation treatment of magnetite (Fe3O4) enhances the production of dark center dot OH, which can efficiently degrade dissolved organic matter (DOM) and accelerate carbon cycling.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Cheng Yu, Kaijun Wang, Kaiyuan Zhang, Ruiyang Liu, Pingping Zheng
Summary: This study implemented a microaerobic-aerobic configuration in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment facility and investigated the effects on sludge characteristics, pollutant removal, microbial community, and granulation mechanisms. The results showed successful transition from flocculent-activated sludge to well-defined AGS after two months of operation. The primary pathways for pollutant removal were simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal. Moreover, the incorporation of internal separators induced shifts in the flow pattern, which promoted granulation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhe Zhang, Shaoyang Hu, Guangrong Sun, Wei Wang
Summary: Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as halogenated phenols, have garnered widespread attention due to their high toxicity and prevalence. This study reports on the analysis, occurrence, and cytotoxicity of a group of emerging halogenated aromatic DBPs, known as halogenated polyhydroxyphenols (HPPs), in drinking water.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shengyue Chen, Jinliang Huang, Peng Wang, Xi Tang, Zhenyu Zhang
Summary: Accurate prediction of river water quality is crucial for sustainable water management. This study introduces wavelet analysis and transfer learning techniques to assist LSTM modeling, proposing a newly coupled modeling approach that improves short-term prediction of river water quality.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Bang Du, Xinmin Zhan, Piet N. L. Lens, Yifeng Zhang, Guangxue Wu
Summary: Efficient anaerobic digestion relies on the cooperation of different microorganisms with different metabolic pathways. This study investigated the effects of different operational modes and the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on ethanol metabolic pathways. The results showed that the SBR mode and the presence of CO2 facilitated ethanol metabolism towards propionate production, while the CFR mode with extended solids retention time enriched Geobacter. Adjusting operational modes and PAC addition can modulate anaerobic ethanol metabolism and enrich Geobacter.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wanfa Wang, Si-Liang Li, Jun Zhong, Yuanbi Yi, Fujun Yue, Zenglei Han, Qixin Wu, Ding He, Cong-Qiang Liu
Summary: This study compares the carbon biogeochemical processes in karst and non-karst regions within large thermal stratified river-reservoir systems. The results demonstrate that karst reservoirs have a reduced potential for carbon emissions and highlight the importance of considering geologic settings to improve accuracy in regional and global CO2 emission estimates.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunxia Jiang, Zelong Zhao, Dong Zhu, Xiong Pan, Yuyi Yang
Summary: This study analyzed the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different environmental media of the Yangtze River using metagenomics. Core resistome dominated by multidrug resistance genes was found in all samples, while rare resistome dominated by various resistance genes was more prevalent in plasmids. Specific bacteria were identified as hosts for both core and rare resistomes, with high clinical concern ARGs found in the rare resistome. Particle-associated environment provided the most ideal conditions for resistome hosts. This study provided insights into the genetic locations of ARGs and the community assembly mechanisms of ARG hosts in freshwater environments.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yu Zhang, Yongtao He, Linchun Jia, Lei Xu, Zheng Wang, Yueling He, Ling Xiong, Xumeng Lin, Hong Chen, Gang Xue
Summary: By synergizing organic carbon source, thiosulfate, and zero-valent iron, efficient mixotrophic denitrification of oligotrophic secondary effluent can be achieved. Thiosulfate plays a vital role in promoting TN removal efficiency, while corrosion of Fe0 releases OH- to neutralize H+ from thiosulfate-driven denitrification, creating a suitable environment for denitrification. The coordination of thiosulfate and Fe0 maintains the dominance of Thiobacillus for denitrification.
