Article
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications
Rui Wang, Abhinandan Kumar Singh, Subash Reddy Kolan, Evangelos Tsotsas
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between the box counting (BC) and power law (PL) methods for estimating the fractal dimension of aggregates. The results show that the BC fractal dimension is greater than the PL fractal dimension when the PL fractal dimension is less than or equal to 2.5, and vice versa when the PL fractal dimension is greater than 2.5. The study also proposes a projection method to obtain two-dimensional projection images of the aggregates and establishes correlations between the two-dimensional BC fractal dimension and the three-dimensional and PL fractal dimensions.
CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yee-Kwong Leong, Pengfei Liu, Pek-Ing Au, Peta Clode
Summary: The microstructures of kaolinite suspensions from the Clay Mineral Society were found to be affected by ice crystal formation, and high pressure treatment and rapid freezing were used to prevent this artifact and provide accurate microstructures.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Linlin Cui, Courtney K. Harris, Danielle R. N. Tarpley
Summary: The study investigates the impact of OPAs formation on the vertical transport of oil and mineral particles in turbid waters. A module, OPAMOD, is developed to account for OPAs formation and shown to reproduce the size distribution of aggregates from laboratory experiments. Model parameters influence the OPAs size distribution and oil sequestration, while the vertical distribution of suspended sediment affects OPA formation.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2021)
Editorial Material
Ecology
Lynette H. L. Loke, Ryan A. Chisholm
Summary: In their critique, Madin et al. (2023) support the use of fractal dimension in ecology and defend their geometric constraint theory of habitat complexity. We address the flaws in their arguments and clarify their misinterpretation of our statements.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Kanika Saxena, Urmila Brighu
Summary: Isolated studies for the evaluation of coagulation at different dimensions have been discussed. In this work, a comprehensive methodology was described, including dosing approach, mathematical modeling, chemical analysis, image analysis, and various analytical procedures. The results showed that RMSE, HYBRID, and Chi-Square could be successfully used for non-linear analysis, while ARE and MPSD could not be used at low concentrations. Additionally, image processing was used for analysis of floc size and fractal dimension.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yongjun Sun, Yuanyuan Yu, Deng Li, Jun Zhai, Huaili Zheng
Summary: The study investigated the coagulation behavior and floc characteristics of a hybrid flocculant called PAC-CA for removing TiO2 nanoparticles. Various factors such as monomer mass ratio, initiator concentration, and reaction temperature were studied to optimize the coagulation performance. The characterization of PAC-CA through different methods revealed its successful copolymerization and the effect of additives like kaolin and humic acid on coagulation efficiency.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xiaoping Ji, Yun Chen, Yueqin Hou, Cong Dai, Bo Chen, Haiwei Zou
Summary: The study investigated the surface micro morphology of different types of aggregates and found that the surface micro-roughness and fractal dimensions varied predictably with the formation conditions of aggregates. In addition, the immersion in limewater and physical abrasion had different effects on the SMM of aggregates.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jinsuo Lu, Xiaojiang Huang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Heliang Pang, Kunyu Chen, Haozhe Xia, Yiyu Sui, Rongwen Chen, Ziang Zhao
Summary: A novel process called MNBs-coagulation was developed to enhance drinking water treatment by using the interaction of MNBs and coagulation. The results showed that MNBs-coagulation could significantly improve the removal efficiency of humic acid and had strong anti-interference ability.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Jennifer Aldama, Zhenqi Shi, Carlos Ortega-Zuniga, Rodolfo J. Romanach, Sergiy Lysenko
Summary: Fractal and polarization analysis of diffusively scattered light were applied to determine the complex relationship between the fractal dimension of structural morphology and concentration of chemically active ingredients in pharmaceutical mixtures. A robust approach was proposed to identify and filter out multiple- and single-scattering components of scattering indicatrix, revealing complex structural details of the sample. The study shows a novel approach for pattern recognition, analysis, and classification of materials with low concentration of active chemical ingredients using light scattering measurement protocol.
APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Williams H. Leiva, Eder Piceros, Pedro Robles, Ricardo I. Jeldres
Summary: The study analyzed the impact of shear rate on the structural properties of aggregates obtained during the flocculation of clay-based tailings with an anionic polyacrylamide. The results showed that an increase in shear rate in seawater leads to less compact aggregates with more open structures.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Yuner Pang, Yuanyuan Wang, Zhicheng Wang, Yinxiao Zhang, Lei Liu, Shaofei Kong, Fengshan Liu, Zongbo Shi, Weijun Li
Summary: The complex morphology of soot aggregates is a major source of uncertainty in evaluating their warming effects in the atmosphere. This study develops a novel image recognition technique to automatically determine the fractal dimension (D-f) of individual soot aggregates from electron microscopy images. The results show significant differences in D-f between soot particles emitted from vehicles, biomass burning, coal burning, urban atmosphere, and rural atmosphere.
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Vinicius de Oliveira Kuhn, Bruna de Carvalho Faria Lima Lopes, Bernardo Caicedo, Manoel Porfirio Cordao-Neto
Summary: Soil structure is a key feature in understanding the mechanical behavior of soil, and aggregates play an important role in bimodal soils. This study evaluates the effect of aggregates on the mechanical behavior of bimodal soils without mineralogical variability. The results show that increasing aggregates content and the presence of macro-pores influence compressibility, pre-consolidation stresses, compressibility coefficients, and friction angles in bimodal soils.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zulfauzein Nadra, Yizhou Sang, Peter Englezos
Summary: This study investigated the flocculation performance of two cationic starches with different charge densities with kaolin clay through small angle light scattering experiments. The results showed that shear and starch concentration were important factors affecting the floc size for both starches. Additionally, temperature was found to be significant only for the higher charge density cationic starch S880, while the combination effects of NaCl and starch concentration, as well as temperature and starch, were significant for the floc size of the S880 system. The combination effect of shear rate and NaCl was found to be significant for the floc size induced by the low charge density S858.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Haiyang Zhang, Lili Li, Shaozhe Cheng, Cheng Li, Fangzhou Liu, Peizhong Wang, Lianjun Sun, Junbo Huang, Wen Zhang, Xuezhi Zhang
Summary: Co-coagulation flotation (CCF) is a novel flotation technology that is more efficient in algal removal compared to traditional mechanical coagulation flotation (MCF). This study compared the algal removal performance of continuous CCF and MCF using water samples from Lake Dianchi with severe Microcystis aeruginosa blooms. The results showed that CCF saved more than 50% of the coagulant/flocculant dosage compared to MCF while achieving a removal efficiency of over 95%. The flocs formed in CCF were larger, more spherical, and had a higher fractal dimension compared to those in MCF.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Daxin Zhang, Yili Wang, Junyi Li, Xiaoyang Fan, Enrui Li, Shuoxun Dong, Weiwen Yin, Dongsheng Wang, Baoyou Shi
Summary: This study proposed an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method and constructed a generalized framework to associate macroscale electrical properties with microscopic structure and size-related characteristics of aggregates. The models extracted via EIS were capable of describing the self similarity of aggregates and capturing the fractal and size information. The EIS method exhibited a wide range of applications in water and wastewater treatment.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Marsha Savira Agatha Putri, Jr-Lin Lin, Lin-Han Chiang Hsieh, Yasmin Zafirah, Gerry Andhikaputra, Yu-Chun Wang
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Wei-Hao Huang, Duu-Jong Lee, Chihpin Huang
Summary: Biochars, as solid products of biomass, have lower wholesale prices than commercial activated carbons and other materials, making them a potential economic niche. Research on modifying biochars to enhance their performance for various applications has attracted significant interest. This article provides an overview of biochar applications and outlines current research trends, prospects, and research needs.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Daniel Sanchez Carretero, Chih-pin Huang, Jing-Hua Tzeng, Chin-pao Huang
Summary: The study aimed to develop a dimensionally stable anode made of titanium coated with Ruthenium Dioxide for the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide in strong sulfuric acid solution. Results showed efficient degradation of hydrogen peroxide and a strong correlation between oxidation kinetics and applied current. This process demonstrates potential for sulfuric acid recovery in semiconductor industrial installations or laboratories.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Lap-Cuong Hua, Shian Rong Tsia, Gen-Shuh Wang, Cheng-Di Dong, Chihpin Huang
Summary: This study demonstrates that freshwater algae can accumulate bromine and contribute to the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination. Elevated bromide levels in source water increase bromine accumulation inside algae cells, leading to a significant impact on the toxic potency of chlorinated water. These findings provide insights into the origins of natural organic bromine in freshwater environments and the potential influence of algae and bromide elevation on water quality after chlorination.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lap-Cuong Hua, Peijun Cai, Ching Huang, Chihpin Huang
Summary: This study proposes a two-stage differential characterization approach to trace Br-DBP precursors and BSF, highlighting the significant insufficiency of conventionally-used parameters for monitoring Br-DBPs. The new two-stage characterization parameters show superior correlation coefficients and promising application for effective Br-DBPs and BSF monitoring.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jr-Lin Lin, Mega Sidhi Nugrayanti, Aldeno Rachmad Ika, Arthur Karangan
Summary: This study investigates the impact of NaOCl oxidation-assisted PACl coagulation on algae removal, showing that higher NaOCl oxidant dose with PACl coagulation is more effective in destabilizing and removing Microcystis aeruginosa cells, but fails to reduce the DOC in the suspension. Strong free chlorine destroys MA cells by increasing HAL and FAL substances, with sufficient degradation of SMPL and APL substances. The changes in fluorescent organic matter fraction during chlorination dominantly affect coagulation performance in the oxidation-coagulation process for AOM removal.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Shu-Ju Chao, C. P. Huang, Chi-Cuong Lam, Lap-Cuong Hua, Shih-Hsien Chang, Chihpin Huang
Summary: The study revealed that copper oxide nanoparticles in low-ionic strength solutions quickly form relatively small aggregates with high copper dissolution, posing a significant threat to aquatic organisms.
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lap-Cuong Hua, Shian Rong Tsia, Dinh Ngoc Giao Ngo, Chihpin Huang
Summary: This study investigated the impact of bromide intrusion on two freshwater algae species. The results showed that the algae were well-adapted to bromide intrusion and exhibited no significant effect on growth and precursor characteristics. However, bromide intrusion significantly affected the production of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination processes.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jr-Lin Lin, Aldeno Rachmad Ika
Summary: This study investigated the effects of pre-chlorination on Microcystis aeruginosa-laden water in different growth phases and the formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products. The results showed that chlorination at the exponential phase led to faster and stronger degradation of algal cells, resulting in more significant viability loss and the formation of disinfection by-products, especially trihalomethanes. Pre-chlorination played a key role in the in-situ formation of disinfection by-products, with precursors contributing differently at each growth phase.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ming-Han Tsai, Wen-Long Liang, Lap-Cuong Hua, Chihpin Huang
Summary: The study found that combining PACl with FeCl3 or PSI resulted in efficient removal of algae from water, with PACl -> FeCl3 and PACl -> PSI achieving the highest algae removal rates of 94% and 97% respectively. By contrast, FeCl3 -> PACl and PSI -> PACl resulted in lower algae removal rates of 81% and 87% respectively, when compared to PACl dosing first.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, Fahrudin Sidik, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, Jr-Lin Lin, Ervin Nurhayati
Summary: This study evaluated the effectiveness of electrocoagulation (EC) in reducing organic and nitrogenous contaminants in landfill leachate. The results showed that the highest removal of COD and NH4+ was achieved at pH 4. In addition, EC effectively removed humic substances in the leachate, but higher current densities led to higher energy consumption.
JOURNAL OF ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jr-Lin Lin, Mega Sidhi Nugrayanti, Arthur Karangan
Summary: This study investigated the effects of intensified NaOCl and ClO2 pre-oxidation on the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa (MA) and corresponding halogenated DBP precursors by PACl coagulation with different Al hydrates. The results showed that NaOCl pre-oxidation with PACl-W coagulation was more effective in reducing MA cell and algogenic organic matter (AOM), while ClO2 pre-oxidation with PACl-H coagulation outperformed in reducing various DOM substances and halogenated DBP precursors. Intensified NaOCl pre-oxidation was found to be an alternative method to minimize DBP precursors in oxidation-coagulation processes for cyanobacteria-laden water treatment, with results comparable to ClO2 oxidation combined with PACl coagulation.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Lap-Cuong Hua, Ching Huang, Chihpin Huang
Summary: This study examines a novel hybrid oxidation-coagulation PMS/Fe(II) process for effective removal of algogenic organic matter (AOM)-derived disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. The results show that under neutral pH conditions, PMS/Fe(II) is able to significantly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and AOM-fluorescent components, as well as effectively degrade AOM-derived DBPs. This research fills the knowledge gap in the study of PMS/Fe(II) and highlights its potential as an alternative for sustainable water treatment.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Po-Jiun Wen, Chihpin Huang
Summary: The effect of noise on the human body has received increasing research attention, particularly in relation to motor noise pollution in factories. To reduce the impact, masks made of different materials are used. This study aimed to predict the acoustic sound of masked motors using machine learning. The results showed that the Gradient Boost Model (GBM) had higher prediction accuracy compared to other traditional methods.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shu-Ju Chao, Ming-Han Tsai, Rui-Pei Yu, Lap-Cuong Hua, Chi-Chang Hu, Chihpin Huang
Summary: The dezincification of brass water meters in a water distribution system is influenced by tap water characteristics, particularly the anion content, alkalinity, and residual chlorine level. High anion concentration and low alkalinity accelerate dezincification and corrosion, while low anion concentration, alkalinity, and residual chlorine slow down these processes.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Rong-Gui Zhu, Chang-Gui Pan, Feng-Jiao Peng, Chao-Yang Zhou, Jun-Jie Hu, Kefu Yu
Summary: This comprehensive survey investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic magnification of parabens and their metabolite 4-HB in a marine food web. Results showed that parabens were the predominant pollutants in marine organisms, with significant bioaccumulation from sediments. The estimated trophic magnification factor indicated biomagnification for MeP and trophic dilution for 4-HB. Overall, the risks for humans consuming marine organisms were found to be low.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Andres F. Torres-Franco, Deborah Leroy-Freitas, Cristina Martinez-Fraile, Elisa Rodriguez, Pedro A. Garcia-Encina, Raul Munoz
Summary: Anaerobic and microalgae-based technologies have emerged as sustainable alternatives for municipal wastewater treatment. However, the presence of viruses in the treated wastewater is a major concern for reuse applications. This study assessed the ability of these technologies to reduce viruses during secondary wastewater treatment. The results showed that all technologies were effective in reducing the concentration of viruses, with microalgae-based treatment exhibiting the highest potential for reducing the disinfection requirements of treated wastewater.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Young Gwang Kim, Sae Yun Kwon, Spencer J. Washburn, Scott C. Brooks, Ji Won Yoon, Lucien Besnard
Summary: The study uses Hg isotope ratios to identify the sources and exposure pathways of mercury in bivalves, finding that dissolved Hg phases in the water column are the primary source and exposure pathway to bivalves. This provides new insights into using bivalves as bioindicators for sediment quality monitoring.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hui Geng, Ying Xu, Rui Liu, Dianhai Yang, Xiaohu Dai
Summary: This study investigates the effect of cation exchange resin (CER) on the sequential recovery of hydrogen and methane from anaerobic digestion (AD) and the corresponding mechanisms. The results show that CER can simultaneously enhance the production of hydrogen and methane by promoting the solubilisation, hydrolysis, and acidification of organic matter. Additionally, CER facilitates effective contact between bacteria and organic particulates and reduces the energy barrier for mass transfer during methane production. The study also reveals changes in the microbial community structure and metagenomics during the AD process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaojing Lin, Zhan Jin, Shunfeng Jiang, Zhiquan Wang, Suqing Wu, Ke Bei, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng
Summary: Dehumidification combined with addition of absorbent resin supplement (ARS) was used to achieve rapid evaporation of non-pretreated urine, resulting in high water evaporation efficiency and nutrient recovery.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yangli Che, Chaoran Lin, Shen Li, Jiao Liu, Longhai Zhu, Shilei Yu, Nan Wang, Haoshuai Li, Mutai Bao, Yang Zhou, Tonghao Si, Rui Bao
Summary: Hydrodynamic processes play a crucial role in the transmission of sediments, microbial assembly, and organic carbon redistribution in the ocean. Through experiments and analysis, we found that hydrodynamics shape the assembly of microbial communities and control the redistribution of different sourced organic carbon, thereby influencing microbial-mediated biogeochemical transformation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chao Chen, Yu Yang, Nigel J. D. Graham, Zhenyu Li, Xingtao Yang, Zhining Wang, Nadia Farhat, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, Li -an Hou
Summary: The fouling of seawater reverse osmosis membranes is a persistent challenge in desalination. This study monitored the operational performance of a desalination plant for 7 years and the fouling development in different areas of membrane modules. The findings showed that operational performance declined over time and fouling mainly occurred at the feed side of the modules, with the highest microbial diversity. Keystone species like Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes played an important role in maintaining community structure and biofilm maturation. Polysaccharides, soluble microbial products, marine humic acid-like substances, and inorganic substances contributed to fouling. Overall, biofouling had a significant impact on membrane fouling after 7 years of operation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dan Li, Jieyi Sun, Yibo Fu, Wentao Hong, Heli Wang, Qian Yang, Junhong Wu, Sen Yang, Jianhui Xu, Yunfei Zhang, Yirong Deng, Yin Zhong, Ping'an Peng
Summary: Sulfidation-oxidation treatment of magnetite (Fe3O4) enhances the production of dark center dot OH, which can efficiently degrade dissolved organic matter (DOM) and accelerate carbon cycling.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Cheng Yu, Kaijun Wang, Kaiyuan Zhang, Ruiyang Liu, Pingping Zheng
Summary: This study implemented a microaerobic-aerobic configuration in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment facility and investigated the effects on sludge characteristics, pollutant removal, microbial community, and granulation mechanisms. The results showed successful transition from flocculent-activated sludge to well-defined AGS after two months of operation. The primary pathways for pollutant removal were simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal. Moreover, the incorporation of internal separators induced shifts in the flow pattern, which promoted granulation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhe Zhang, Shaoyang Hu, Guangrong Sun, Wei Wang
Summary: Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as halogenated phenols, have garnered widespread attention due to their high toxicity and prevalence. This study reports on the analysis, occurrence, and cytotoxicity of a group of emerging halogenated aromatic DBPs, known as halogenated polyhydroxyphenols (HPPs), in drinking water.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shengyue Chen, Jinliang Huang, Peng Wang, Xi Tang, Zhenyu Zhang
Summary: Accurate prediction of river water quality is crucial for sustainable water management. This study introduces wavelet analysis and transfer learning techniques to assist LSTM modeling, proposing a newly coupled modeling approach that improves short-term prediction of river water quality.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Bang Du, Xinmin Zhan, Piet N. L. Lens, Yifeng Zhang, Guangxue Wu
Summary: Efficient anaerobic digestion relies on the cooperation of different microorganisms with different metabolic pathways. This study investigated the effects of different operational modes and the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on ethanol metabolic pathways. The results showed that the SBR mode and the presence of CO2 facilitated ethanol metabolism towards propionate production, while the CFR mode with extended solids retention time enriched Geobacter. Adjusting operational modes and PAC addition can modulate anaerobic ethanol metabolism and enrich Geobacter.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wanfa Wang, Si-Liang Li, Jun Zhong, Yuanbi Yi, Fujun Yue, Zenglei Han, Qixin Wu, Ding He, Cong-Qiang Liu
Summary: This study compares the carbon biogeochemical processes in karst and non-karst regions within large thermal stratified river-reservoir systems. The results demonstrate that karst reservoirs have a reduced potential for carbon emissions and highlight the importance of considering geologic settings to improve accuracy in regional and global CO2 emission estimates.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunxia Jiang, Zelong Zhao, Dong Zhu, Xiong Pan, Yuyi Yang
Summary: This study analyzed the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different environmental media of the Yangtze River using metagenomics. Core resistome dominated by multidrug resistance genes was found in all samples, while rare resistome dominated by various resistance genes was more prevalent in plasmids. Specific bacteria were identified as hosts for both core and rare resistomes, with high clinical concern ARGs found in the rare resistome. Particle-associated environment provided the most ideal conditions for resistome hosts. This study provided insights into the genetic locations of ARGs and the community assembly mechanisms of ARG hosts in freshwater environments.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yu Zhang, Yongtao He, Linchun Jia, Lei Xu, Zheng Wang, Yueling He, Ling Xiong, Xumeng Lin, Hong Chen, Gang Xue
Summary: By synergizing organic carbon source, thiosulfate, and zero-valent iron, efficient mixotrophic denitrification of oligotrophic secondary effluent can be achieved. Thiosulfate plays a vital role in promoting TN removal efficiency, while corrosion of Fe0 releases OH- to neutralize H+ from thiosulfate-driven denitrification, creating a suitable environment for denitrification. The coordination of thiosulfate and Fe0 maintains the dominance of Thiobacillus for denitrification.
