Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jayne Torres de Sousa, Rafael Rodrigues Dihl, Fernanda Briao Menezes Boaretto, Ana Leticia Hilario Garcia, Ivana Grivicich, Juliana da Silva, Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
Summary: This study evaluated the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of morphine alone and in combination with doxorubicin. Morphine showed cytotoxic effects on neuroblastoma cells and reduced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin. Morphine did not induce mutations and decreased the mutagenic effects induced by doxorubicin in certain strains.
CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Julen Sanz-Serrano, Roncesvalles Garayoa, Ana Isabel Vitas, Amaya Azqueta, Adela Lopez de Cerain
Summary: The study found that none of the ten fried meat-based food extracts induced gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, but five of them induced chromosomal aberrations in TK6 cells after 24 hours without metabolic activation. Further studies are needed to validate the biological relevance of these in vitro findings.
FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Po-Wen Chen, Tai-Chen Kuo, Zhen-Shu Liu, Hung-Fu Lu
Summary: A bacterial reverse mutation assay was developed and improved in this study to evaluate the mutagenicity of indoor air quality using direct gas exposure module. Findings suggest that gaseous HCHO exposure displayed weak but direct, time-dependent, and dose-dependent mutagenic activities, while 50 ppm toluene exposure also showed similar characteristics.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Justyna Rybak, Magdalena Wrobel, Renata Krzyzynska, Wioletta Rogula-Kozlowska, Tomasz Olszowski
Summary: This study investigated the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban road dust samples from Lower and Upper Silesia regions in Poland, as well as their possible sources and potential risks. The results showed high levels of PAHs in the collected dust samples, many of which exhibited mutagenic effects and potential carcinogenic risks. This suggests that urban road dust may have adverse health effects on humans.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Melanie Poivre, Marie-Helene Antoine, Kirill Kryshen, Anastasia Atsapkina, Alexander N. Shikov, Laure Twyffels, Amandine Nachtergael, Pierre Duez, Joelle Nortier
Summary: Herbs used in traditional medicine can have both beneficial and harmful effects on human health. A study conducted in Belgium investigated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Aristolochia and Magnolia extracts on human kidney cells. The study also evaluated the mutagenicity of these extracts using the Ames test. The results showed that the Aristolochia-Magnolia combination was more genotoxic and cytotoxic to human kidney cells, and it exhibited mutagenic effects in the presence of a microsomial liver fraction.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Anthony Heebner, Bassim Abbassi
Summary: This study evaluated a new combined treatment approach by combining ozonation and electrolysis for the mineralization of organic compounds in water. The results showed that the method was most effective for TOC removal in alkaline conditions and significantly enhanced performance compared to ozonation alone in acidic conditions. The initial pH had a more significant effect on TOC removal than current density, but both parameters were relevant. Under optimized conditions, 63% TOC removal was achieved.
JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Julen Sanz-Serrano, Ariane Vettorazzi, Damian Muruzabal, Amaya Azqueta, Adela Lopez de Cerain
Summary: This article provides a complete in vitro genotoxicity assessment of three nutrients widely used in the European market, demonstrating that they did not show genotoxicity in any of the conditions tested. This study contributes to the limited evidence available and complements EFSA recommendations for in vitro genotoxicity testing of nutrients.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Gulnara Maniakova, Irene Salmeron, Marina Aliste, Maria Inmaculada Polo-Lopez, Isabel Oller, Sixto Malato, Luigi Rizzo
Summary: Solar photo-Fenton (SPF) and ozonation were compared for the degradation of emerging contaminants in urban wastewater. Ozonation had a faster degradation rate, while SPF had lower toxicity levels. Chronic toxicity was observed even after 80% removal of the contaminants by both methods.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ihsan Obali, Ahmet Uysal, Mustafa Kul, Israa Nibras Qader Qader, Halil Ismet Ucan, Aslihan Yilmaz Obali
Summary: The study focused on the preparation and characterization of three Schiff base ligands with different substitutions, and their transition metal complexes, exploring their spectral properties and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 2-Cu and 3 showed strong antimicrobial potential, and were found to be non-mutagenic in the Ames test.
BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sana Khan, Mohammad Tarique Zeyad, Abdul Malik
Summary: The harmful effects of textile wastewater irrigation on soil and crop productivity are mainly caused by the accumulation of recalcitrant azo dyes. This study evaluated the potential toxicity of textile wastewater-irrigated soil and discovered a novel indigenous bacterium capable of degrading the dye.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Grete Gollong, Isabelle J. Neuwald, Jochen Kuckelkorn, Ralf Junek, Daniel Zahn
Summary: This study evaluates and compares the effectiveness of ozonation and activated carbon filtration in a wastewater treatment and drinking water production plant using nontarget screening and cell-based toxicity tests. The study finds that polar chemicals have a lower removal efficiency but also lower toxicity, while non-polar chemicals show a significant decrease in toxicity during treatment. Additionally, a suspect screening of PM chemicals and M-TPs in environmental and tap water samples indicates their wide distribution in the aquatic environment.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Fras Baasher, Tian-Nyu Wang, Muhammad Zulhelmi Bin Yusnan, Mohsen Alkahtani, Yasir M. Bashawri, Hamed Al Qarni, Pei-Ying Hong
Summary: This study characterized hospital wastewater samples and found that they are unlikely to significantly impact downstream biological wastewater treatment processes. Most samples tested showed no mutagenic or reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing capabilities, with only a few samples showing mutagenic effects at high concentrations.
FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Lam T. Phan, Heidemarie Schaar, Daniela Reif, Sascha Weilguni, Ernis Saracevic, Joerg Krampe, Peter A. Behnisch, Norbert Kreuzinger
Summary: A set of CALUX in vitro bioassays were applied for long-term toxicity monitoring at an advanced wastewater treatment plant, showing that the multibarrier system can significantly reduce toxicity responses and is effective.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Laura Ponce-Robles, Aranzazu Pagan-Munoz, Andres Jesus Lara-Guillen, Beatriz Masdemont-Hernandez, Teresa Munuera-Perez, Pedro Antonio Nortes-Tortosa, Juan Jose Alarcon-Cabanero
Summary: Wastewater treatment plant effluents can contaminate agricultural reuse practices, but ozone combined with micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) can effectively degrade pharmaceutical compounds and reduce energy costs. In this study, a full-scale O-3/MNBs system was installed in a WWTP to evaluate the removal efficiency of 12 pharmaceuticals, including COVID-19-related compounds. The results demonstrated the positive contribution of MNBs to ozone effects and provided optimal operational parameters for efficient wastewater treatment.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Maria Teresa Palumbo, Simona Russo, Stefano Polesello, Licia Guzzella, Claudio Roscioli, Laura Marziali, Lucia Valsecchi, Francesca Cappelli, Simona Pascariello, Stefano Tasselli, Sara Villa, Massimo Peruzzo, Stefano Culatina, Giovanni Bellotti, Andrea Turolla, Manuela Antonelli, Francesca Malpei, Sara Valsecchi
Summary: This study evaluated the toxicity and contaminant removal efficiency in wastewater treatment processes through chemical and ecotoxicological analyses. It found that the tertiary treatment process was highly efficient in improving wastewater quality.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Margaritis Kostoglou, Maria Petala, Thodoris Karapantsios, Chrysostomos Dovas, Emmanuel Roilides, Simeon Metallidis, Anna Papa, Efstratios Stylianidis, Agis Papadopoulos, Nikolaos Papaioannou
Summary: This study presents a pioneer general model describing the most relevant physicochemical phenomena with a special effort to reduce the complicated algebra. A sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to some key parameters for a single pipe topology. Specific numerical techniques are employed for the integration of the model.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Georgia-Christina Mitraka, Konstantinos N. Kontogiannopoulos, Ioannis Tsivintzelis, Anastasios Zouboulis, Panagiotis G. Kougias
Summary: The present study aimed to assess the efficiency of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Explosion (SCE) as a pre-treatment method for sewage sludge. The optimization of SCE led to an increase in the biodegradability of organic matter in the sludge, enhancing subsequent anaerobic digestion and methane production. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of temperature and time on methane yield, with temperature being the most significant variable. An optimum set of pre-treatment conditions was determined, resulting in a significant increase in methane yield compared to untreated sludge. The combined pre-treatment techniques also contributed to further methane production.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Evgenios Kokkinos, Aggeliki Lampou, Ioannis Kellartzis, Dimitrios Karfaridis, Anastasios Zouboulis
Summary: Mercury is a highly toxic pollutant that poses a major threat to public health. This study successfully removed low concentrations of methyl-mercury from water by modifying two carbon-based adsorbents with thiol-functionalization. The commercial activated carbon exhibited higher adsorption capacity, possibly due to its larger surface area and higher thiol loading.
Article
Environmental Sciences
E. Pagona, K. Kalaitzidou, A. Zouboulis, M. Mitrakas
Summary: The addition of MgO in mining wastes can enhance the refractoriness, promote the formation of desirable olivine, and eliminate undesirable minerals.
WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Evangelia Pagona, Paraskevas Stratigousis, Xanthi Ntampou, Vasileios Zaspalis, Anastasios Zouboulis, Manassis Mitrakas
Summary: This study focuses on the refractory upgrade and reuse of mining wastes/by-products. The addition of hematite nanomaterial can improve the refractory properties of products, while thermal pre-treatment does not have significant benefits.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
A. Chatzis, D. Merachtsaki, A. Zouboulis
Summary: This study focuses on protecting concrete pipes from the biogenic deterioration caused by sulfuric acid produced by microorganisms. The researchers examined three magnesium-based coatings and found that the magnesium phosphate cement coating offered the best corrosion protection.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Angeliki Banti, Orestis Grammenos, Evgenios Kokkinos, Aikaterini Touni, Sotiris Sotiropoulos, Anastasios Zouboulis
Summary: The electrochemical oxidation of trivalent chromium from leather tanning mud waste leachates was conducted using a PbOx/Pb anode electrode. The study found that at pH=3, the oxidation of Cr(III) was more efficient. Further optimization of the process resulted in nearly 70% conversion and a current efficiency of nearly 60%. This method could be a promising route for the conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in tannery wastewater.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Evangelia Pagona, Manassis Mitrakas, Anastasios Zouboulis
Summary: The MagWasteVal research program aims to achieve sustainable mining solid waste management and zero-waste production by properly handling extractive mining waste. The project investigates the geochemical variables affecting the degradation process and further explores the utilization of inert waste in the mining area. Through thermal treatment and the addition of additives, it was found that the optimal upgrade for mining waste samples occurs with a combination of magnesia and iron oxide at specific conditions. The MagWasteVal project's final products have potential applications for alternative refractory materials/services, offering economic and environmental benefits.
Article
Environmental Sciences
K. Kalaitzidou, E. Pagona, G. Skyfta, E. Tzamos, A. Zouboulis, M. Mitrakas
Summary: The re-utilization of mining wastes, combined with chromite ore, through thermal treatment at 1300 degrees C and 120-240 min, improves the refractory properties of the sintered products.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Efthimia Kaprara, Charalampos Belesakos, Konstantinos Kollis, Savvina Psaltou, Anastasios Zouboulis, Manassis Mitrakas
Summary: The study evaluates the removal of micropollutants from water/wastewater contaminated sources using a pilot-scale continuous operation unit with a membrane module and a contact reactor system. Different solid materials as catalysts have different effects on the removal of micropollutants, and parameters such as catalyst concentration, pH, temperature, and process time also influence the removal efficiency.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dimitra C. Banti, Petros Samaras, Eleni Kostopoulou, Vassiliki Tsioni, Themistoklis Sfetsas
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the effect of commercial K1 biocarriers and 3D-printed biocarriers made from 13X and Halloysite on the efficiency and fouling rate of MBBR-MBR unit. It was observed that membrane filtration improved in the MBBR-MBR K1 unit, while total fouling occurred earlier in the MBBR-MBR 13X-H and control MBBR-MBR units. The production of soluble microbial products (SMP) and biofilm formation played a significant role in the fouling process.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Athanasia K. Tolkou, Anastasios I. Zouboulis
Summary: This study reviews the synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials and their application in removing fluoride from contaminated water. The study compares the adsorption mechanisms and characteristics of different MOFs, such as initial fluoride concentration, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, contact time, adsorption capacity, thermodynamic and regeneration studies. The hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis method is commonly used for MOF preparation, and MOFs based on aluminum metal ions show higher surface areas. The main fluoride adsorption mechanisms are electrostatic attraction and/or complexation. Several materials are effective over a wide pH range. Most MOFs can be successfully regenerated for four to six cycles, with the sorption process being endothermic in most cases.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Dimitra C. Banti, Petros Samaras, Afroditi G. Chioti, Anastasios Mitsopoulos, Michail Tsangas, Antonis Zorpas, Themistoklis Sfetsas
Summary: The performance of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was investigated with the addition of 3D-printed biocarriers fabricated with 13X and bentonite (MBBR 3D), using K1 commercial biocarriers (MBBR K1), and without any biocarriers at all (control MBBR). Physicochemical parameters were measured to evaluate MBBR efficiency, while biofilm extracted from the biocarriers was evaluated. The findings show that MBBR 3D had improved nitrification and denitrification processes compared to the control MBBR and MBBR K1, with a larger dry mass of biofilm in the 3D-printed biocarriers compared to the K1 biocarriers.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Evangelia Pagona, Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Vasileios Zaspalis, Anastasios Zouboulis, Manassis Mitrakas
Summary: In the context of a circular economy/zero-waste, the conversion of extractive wastes into new products is emphasized. The addition of caustic calcined magnesia (MgO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) was found to enhance the refractoriness and mechanical strength of the waste, indicating their potential for waste upcycling.
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Domna Merachtsaki, Stefanos Tsiaras, Effrosyni Peleka, Anastasios Zouboulis
Summary: This study evaluates the anti-corrosion ability of a new low-cost magnesium hydroxide-based coating using Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis. Results show variations in optimal coating choices for different experimental scenarios.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Rong-Gui Zhu, Chang-Gui Pan, Feng-Jiao Peng, Chao-Yang Zhou, Jun-Jie Hu, Kefu Yu
Summary: This comprehensive survey investigated the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic magnification of parabens and their metabolite 4-HB in a marine food web. Results showed that parabens were the predominant pollutants in marine organisms, with significant bioaccumulation from sediments. The estimated trophic magnification factor indicated biomagnification for MeP and trophic dilution for 4-HB. Overall, the risks for humans consuming marine organisms were found to be low.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Andres F. Torres-Franco, Deborah Leroy-Freitas, Cristina Martinez-Fraile, Elisa Rodriguez, Pedro A. Garcia-Encina, Raul Munoz
Summary: Anaerobic and microalgae-based technologies have emerged as sustainable alternatives for municipal wastewater treatment. However, the presence of viruses in the treated wastewater is a major concern for reuse applications. This study assessed the ability of these technologies to reduce viruses during secondary wastewater treatment. The results showed that all technologies were effective in reducing the concentration of viruses, with microalgae-based treatment exhibiting the highest potential for reducing the disinfection requirements of treated wastewater.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Young Gwang Kim, Sae Yun Kwon, Spencer J. Washburn, Scott C. Brooks, Ji Won Yoon, Lucien Besnard
Summary: The study uses Hg isotope ratios to identify the sources and exposure pathways of mercury in bivalves, finding that dissolved Hg phases in the water column are the primary source and exposure pathway to bivalves. This provides new insights into using bivalves as bioindicators for sediment quality monitoring.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Hui Geng, Ying Xu, Rui Liu, Dianhai Yang, Xiaohu Dai
Summary: This study investigates the effect of cation exchange resin (CER) on the sequential recovery of hydrogen and methane from anaerobic digestion (AD) and the corresponding mechanisms. The results show that CER can simultaneously enhance the production of hydrogen and methane by promoting the solubilisation, hydrolysis, and acidification of organic matter. Additionally, CER facilitates effective contact between bacteria and organic particulates and reduces the energy barrier for mass transfer during methane production. The study also reveals changes in the microbial community structure and metagenomics during the AD process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaojing Lin, Zhan Jin, Shunfeng Jiang, Zhiquan Wang, Suqing Wu, Ke Bei, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng
Summary: Dehumidification combined with addition of absorbent resin supplement (ARS) was used to achieve rapid evaporation of non-pretreated urine, resulting in high water evaporation efficiency and nutrient recovery.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yangli Che, Chaoran Lin, Shen Li, Jiao Liu, Longhai Zhu, Shilei Yu, Nan Wang, Haoshuai Li, Mutai Bao, Yang Zhou, Tonghao Si, Rui Bao
Summary: Hydrodynamic processes play a crucial role in the transmission of sediments, microbial assembly, and organic carbon redistribution in the ocean. Through experiments and analysis, we found that hydrodynamics shape the assembly of microbial communities and control the redistribution of different sourced organic carbon, thereby influencing microbial-mediated biogeochemical transformation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chao Chen, Yu Yang, Nigel J. D. Graham, Zhenyu Li, Xingtao Yang, Zhining Wang, Nadia Farhat, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, Li -an Hou
Summary: The fouling of seawater reverse osmosis membranes is a persistent challenge in desalination. This study monitored the operational performance of a desalination plant for 7 years and the fouling development in different areas of membrane modules. The findings showed that operational performance declined over time and fouling mainly occurred at the feed side of the modules, with the highest microbial diversity. Keystone species like Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes played an important role in maintaining community structure and biofilm maturation. Polysaccharides, soluble microbial products, marine humic acid-like substances, and inorganic substances contributed to fouling. Overall, biofouling had a significant impact on membrane fouling after 7 years of operation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dan Li, Jieyi Sun, Yibo Fu, Wentao Hong, Heli Wang, Qian Yang, Junhong Wu, Sen Yang, Jianhui Xu, Yunfei Zhang, Yirong Deng, Yin Zhong, Ping'an Peng
Summary: Sulfidation-oxidation treatment of magnetite (Fe3O4) enhances the production of dark center dot OH, which can efficiently degrade dissolved organic matter (DOM) and accelerate carbon cycling.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Cheng Yu, Kaijun Wang, Kaiyuan Zhang, Ruiyang Liu, Pingping Zheng
Summary: This study implemented a microaerobic-aerobic configuration in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment facility and investigated the effects on sludge characteristics, pollutant removal, microbial community, and granulation mechanisms. The results showed successful transition from flocculent-activated sludge to well-defined AGS after two months of operation. The primary pathways for pollutant removal were simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal. Moreover, the incorporation of internal separators induced shifts in the flow pattern, which promoted granulation.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Zhe Zhang, Shaoyang Hu, Guangrong Sun, Wei Wang
Summary: Halogenated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as halogenated phenols, have garnered widespread attention due to their high toxicity and prevalence. This study reports on the analysis, occurrence, and cytotoxicity of a group of emerging halogenated aromatic DBPs, known as halogenated polyhydroxyphenols (HPPs), in drinking water.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Shengyue Chen, Jinliang Huang, Peng Wang, Xi Tang, Zhenyu Zhang
Summary: Accurate prediction of river water quality is crucial for sustainable water management. This study introduces wavelet analysis and transfer learning techniques to assist LSTM modeling, proposing a newly coupled modeling approach that improves short-term prediction of river water quality.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Bang Du, Xinmin Zhan, Piet N. L. Lens, Yifeng Zhang, Guangxue Wu
Summary: Efficient anaerobic digestion relies on the cooperation of different microorganisms with different metabolic pathways. This study investigated the effects of different operational modes and the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on ethanol metabolic pathways. The results showed that the SBR mode and the presence of CO2 facilitated ethanol metabolism towards propionate production, while the CFR mode with extended solids retention time enriched Geobacter. Adjusting operational modes and PAC addition can modulate anaerobic ethanol metabolism and enrich Geobacter.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Wanfa Wang, Si-Liang Li, Jun Zhong, Yuanbi Yi, Fujun Yue, Zenglei Han, Qixin Wu, Ding He, Cong-Qiang Liu
Summary: This study compares the carbon biogeochemical processes in karst and non-karst regions within large thermal stratified river-reservoir systems. The results demonstrate that karst reservoirs have a reduced potential for carbon emissions and highlight the importance of considering geologic settings to improve accuracy in regional and global CO2 emission estimates.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunxia Jiang, Zelong Zhao, Dong Zhu, Xiong Pan, Yuyi Yang
Summary: This study analyzed the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in different environmental media of the Yangtze River using metagenomics. Core resistome dominated by multidrug resistance genes was found in all samples, while rare resistome dominated by various resistance genes was more prevalent in plasmids. Specific bacteria were identified as hosts for both core and rare resistomes, with high clinical concern ARGs found in the rare resistome. Particle-associated environment provided the most ideal conditions for resistome hosts. This study provided insights into the genetic locations of ARGs and the community assembly mechanisms of ARG hosts in freshwater environments.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yu Zhang, Yongtao He, Linchun Jia, Lei Xu, Zheng Wang, Yueling He, Ling Xiong, Xumeng Lin, Hong Chen, Gang Xue
Summary: By synergizing organic carbon source, thiosulfate, and zero-valent iron, efficient mixotrophic denitrification of oligotrophic secondary effluent can be achieved. Thiosulfate plays a vital role in promoting TN removal efficiency, while corrosion of Fe0 releases OH- to neutralize H+ from thiosulfate-driven denitrification, creating a suitable environment for denitrification. The coordination of thiosulfate and Fe0 maintains the dominance of Thiobacillus for denitrification.
