Changes in humic acid conformation during coagulation with ferric chloride: Implications for drinking water treatment

Electrophoretic mobility, pyrene fluorescence, surface tension measurements, transmission electron microscopy on resin-embedded samples, and X-ray microscopy (XRM) were combined to characterize the aggregates formed from humic colloids and hydrolyzed-Fe species under various conditions of pH and mixing. We show that, at low coagulant concentration, the anionic humic network is reorganized upon association with cationic coagulant species to yield more compact structures. In particular, spheroids about 80 nm in size are evidenced by XRM at pH 6 and 8 just below the optimal coagulant concentration. Such reorganization of humic colloids does not yield surface-active species, and maintains negative functional groups on the outside of humic/hydrolyzed-Fe complex. We also observe that the humic network remains unaffected by the association with coagulant species up to the restabilization concentration. Upon increasing the coagulant concentration, restructuration becomes limited: indeed, the aggregation of humic acid with hydrolyzed-Fe species can be ascribed to a competition between humic network reconformation rate and collision rate of destabilized colloids. A decrease in stirring favors the shrinkage of humic/hydrolyzed-Fe complexes, which then yields a lower sediment volume. Elemental analyses also reveal that the iron coagulant species are poorly hydrolyzed in the destabilization range. This suggests that destabilization mechanisms such as sweep flocculation or adsorption onto a hydroxyde precipitate are not relevant to our case. A neutralization/complexation destabilization mechanism accompanied by a restructuration of flexible humic network is then proposed to occur in the range of pHs investigated. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.