Effect of Ectomycorrhiza on Cu and Pb Accumulation in Leaves and Roots of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Seedlings Grown in Metal-Contaminated Soil

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of high concentrations of available Cu and Pb in soil originated from the vicinity of a copper foundry in Poland (Cu, 2,585-3,725 mg kg(-1) d.wt.; Pb, 1,459-1,812 mg kg(-1) d.wt.) on the growth and chemical constituents of Betula pendula seedlings. Control plants grew in unpolluted forest soil. Dry matter accumulation in the plants during the growing season and root/leaf mineral content were determined. Colonization of birch roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi also was evaluated, as was soil dehydrogenase activity for influence of the metals on soil microorganisms. The heavy metals negatively affected seedling growth, ECM colonization, and soil dehydrogenase activity. A reverse relationship was found between ECM abundance and heavy metal concentrations in birch leaves, indicating the potential of mycorrhizas to protect the aboveground part of young silver birch seedlings from elevated environmental levels of Cu and Pb.