Article
Microbiology
Sanja Trifkovic, Brad Gilbertson, Emily Fairmaid, Joanna Cobbin, Steven Rockman, Lorena E. E. Brown
Summary: The study found a co-selection effect between Udorn NA and PB1 during the reassortment process of influenza viruses, leading to a bias towards Udorn PB1 in reassortant viruses. In an influenza vaccine seed production model, Udorn PB1 was retained in 86% of reassortants after initial co-infection and remained dominant after further passages.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Ji-Yun Kim, Sun-Hak Lee, Da-Won Kim, Dong-Wook Lee, Chang-Seon Song, Dong-Hun Lee, Jung-Hoon Kwon
Summary: In this study, three AIVs with gene segments from American lineage AIVs were isolated from wild bird feces collected in South Korea, including an H6N2 isolated in 2015 and two H6N1 in 2017. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the H6N2 virus had American lineage matrix gene and the H6N1 viruses had American lineage nucleoprotein and non-structural genes. These findings indicate the continuous emergence of novel AIVs through reassortment between viruses from different continents. Therefore, continuous monitoring is necessary to prepare for future outbreaks.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Hejia Ye, Jiahao Zhang, Yunfen Sang, Nan Shan, Weihong Qiu, Wenting Zhong, Junbao Li, Zhaoxia Yuan
Summary: This study conducted influenza surveillance in China in 2021 and found that H5N8, H5N1, and H5N6 viruses were derived from clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses. Reassortment was observed between H5N1/H5N6 and wild bird-origin H5N1 viruses from Europe, while H5N8 viruses in China were more stable. Korea was identified as the main source of H5N8 virus spread to northern and eastern China, and co-circulation of H5N8 viruses occurred within China.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Virology
Jonathon D. Gass, Hunter K. Kellogg, Nichola J. Hill, Wendy B. Puryear, Felicia B. Nutter, Jonathan A. Runstadler
Summary: Arctic regions play a significant role in the persistence and dissemination of influenza A viruses (IAVs) among avian hosts and wildlife species. However, there is a lack of published data on the epidemiology and ecology of IAVs in the Arctic compared to southern temperate regions. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the prevalence, distribution, and ecological characteristics of IAVs among wildlife and the environment in the Arctic. The review highlights the importance of avian migration, inter-species and inter-continental reassortment, and climate change-driven ecosystem shifts in shaping the dynamics of IAVs in the region.
Review
Virology
Xiao Ding, Luyao Qin, Jing Meng, Yousong Peng, Aiping Wu, Taijiao Jiang
Summary: Genomic reassortment is a significant evolutionary mechanism for influenza viruses, and computational research on this topic has been extensively conducted. These studies are crucial in guiding researchers to investigate influenza virus reassortment events and develop related computational identification tools.
Article
Microbiology
Xingfei Gong, Mingda Hu, Wei Chen, Haoyi Yang, Boqian Wang, Junjie Yue, Yuan Jin, Long Liang, Hongguang Ren
Summary: By assembling and analyzing whole-genome sequences of IAVs, researchers systematically identified 1,927 possible reassortment events and constructed a reassortment network, revealing the intermediate host role of swine in the reassortment history of IAVs. Furthermore, reassortment patterns among related subtypes constructed in this study are consistent with previous research.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Wen Su, Sin Fun Sia, Ka-Tim Choy, Yue Ji, Dongdong Chen, Eric Ho Yin Lau, Guanghua Fu, Yu Huang, Jinhua Liu, Malik Peiris, Juan Pu, Hui-Ling Yen
Summary: The study investigated the reassortment patterns of avian influenza viruses in chickens, showing that co-infection with different A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses may lead to the emergence of novel reassortant viruses with increased zoonotic potential. The results demonstrated different transmission patterns of novel reassortant viruses in chickens co-infected with different combinations of viruses, highlighting the importance of understanding genetic diversity acquisition in influenza viruses through co-infection.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Jennifer Kopanke, Justin Lee, Mark Stenglein, Christie Mayo
Summary: The study found that BTV-2 and BTV-10 can reassort across multiple segments, but BTV-2 emerged as the preferred viral backbone in later passages, and certain segments were more likely to be found in reassortant progeny. These findings suggest that there may be preferred segment combinations that emerge during BTV reassortment, and highlight the usefulness of WGS and amplicon-based sequencing approaches in understanding the dynamics of reassortment among segmented viruses like BTV.
Article
Immunology
Veronica A. Ferrando, Marcel E. Friedrich, Shrey Gandhi, Alexander Mellmann, Doerthe Masemann, Anmari Christersson, Darisuren Anhlan, Linda Brunotte, Monika Stoll, Timm Harder, Martin Beer, Yvonne Boergeling, Stephan Ludwig
Summary: Influenza A viruses, including the H1N1pdm09 virus, cause recurrent epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans. The reassortment of these viruses in swine and their ability to replicate in human lung tissue suggest a possible zoonotic potential. Reassortment frequently occurs in the PB1, PA, and NA segments, resulting in the generation of reassortants that can reach high titers in swine lung cells.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Article
Virology
Juan Pu, Yanbo Yin, Jiyu Liu, Xinyu Wang, Yong Zhou, Zejiang Wang, Yipeng Sun, Honglei Sun, Fangtao Li, Jingwei Song, Runkang Qu, Weihua Gao, Dongdong Wang, Zhen Wang, Shijie Yan, Mingyue Chen, Jinfeng Zeng, Zhimin Jiang, Haoran Sun, Yanan Zong, Chenxi Wang, Qi Tong, Yuhai Bi, Yinhua Huang, Xiangjun Du, Kin-Chow Chang, Jinhua Liu
Summary: H9N2 avian influenza virus plays a significant role in the evolution of cocirculating influenza viruses, leading to the fifth wave of H7N9 virus epidemic; H7N9 virus originates from the mutation of PB2 and PA genes derived from H9N2 virus, enhancing its infectivity in humans.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Joao Paulo Portela Catani, Tine Ysenbaert, Anouk Smet, Marnik Vuylsteke, Thorsten U. U. Vogel, Xavier Saelens
Summary: Influenza B viruses (IBV) are responsible for a significant burden of influenza virus infections. The emergence and circulation of Yamagata and Victoria antigenic lineages across the globe complicate the prediction of future influenza vaccines. The addition of the neuraminidase (NA) antigen has the potential to provide broader protection against influenza B viruses.
Article
Virology
Sushant Bhat, Joe James, Jean-Remy Sadeyen, Sahar Mahmood, Holly J. Everest, Pengxiang Chang, Sarah K. Walsh, Alexander M. P. Byrne, Benjamin Mollett, Fabian Lean, Joshua E. Sealy, Holly Shelton, Marek J. Slomka, Sharon M. Brookes, Munir Iqbal
Summary: We evaluated the consequences of reassortment between the H7N9 and the contemporary H9N2 viruses of the G1 lineage that are enzootic in poultry across the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Coinfection of chickens with these viruses resulted in the emergence of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with genes derived from both H9N2 and H7N9 viruses. The 6+2 reassortant H9N9 (having NP and NA from H7N9) virus showed increased replication fitness in human cells, receptor binding toward human and avian sialic acid receptors, and the potential to transmit via contact among ferrets.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Ahmed Kandeil, Yassmin Moatasim, Ahmed El Taweel, Mohamed El Sayes, Adam Rubrum, Trushar Jeevan, Pamela P. McKenzie, Richard J. Webby, Mohamed A. Ali, Ghazi Kayali, Rabeh El-Shesheny
Summary: The endemicity of avian influenza viruses in Egypt is a serious concern, with outbreaks of H5N8 recorded among domestic poultry since 2016. Active surveillance from 2017 to 2021 detected at least six genotypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses, indicating annual replacement of dominant strains. The H5N8 isolates resulted from multiple introductions, with clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin (HA) genes but viral gene segments from multiple origins. Mutations associated with pathogenicity and antiviral drug resistance were found, including antigenic drift in the HA. The heterogeneity of circulating H5N8 HPAI poses a threat to poultry production and public health.
Article
Immunology
Honglei Sun, Fangtao Li, Qingzhi Liu, Jianyong Du, Litao Liu, Haoran Sun, Chong Li, Jiyu Liu, Xin Zhang, Jizhe Yang, Yuhong Duan, Yuhai Bi, Juan Pu, Yipeng Sun, Qi Tong, Yongqiang Wang, Xiangjun Du, Yuelong Shu, Kin-Chow Chang, Jinhua Liu
Summary: The study found that farmed minks are commonly infected with both human and avian influenza viruses. Human influenza viruses may be transmitted from humans to minks, while avian influenza viruses may be transmitted through feed to farmed minks. Therefore, feeding minks with raw poultry by-products should be prohibited to reduce the risk of novel pandemic virus emergence.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Xin Yin, Tiantian Wu, Cheng Peng, Jinping Li, Shuo Liu, Guangyu Hou, Wenming Jiang, Hualei Liu
Summary: In 2021, an H7N3 avian influenza virus was found in a mallard in Tianhewan Yellow River National Wetland Park, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. The virus received genes from various AIVs of domestic poultry and wild birds in Asia and Europe. It showed mild pathogenicity in mice. Continued surveillance of the H7N3 virus is important for understanding the ecology and evolution of AIVs and their potential threat to humans.
