Review
Virology
Thomas F. Schulz, Anika Freise, Saskia C. Stein
Summary: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus with latencyassociated nuclear antigen (LANA) playing crucial roles in viral persistence, replication, partitioning, establishment of latency, and immune evasion. LANA mediates replication of the viral genome, attaches episomes to daughter cells during cell division, establishes latency in newly infected cells, modulates cellular proteome, and interferes with the immune system.
CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Dipayan Bose, Rajnish Kumar Singh, Erle S. Robertson
Summary: Hypoxia induces KSHV reactivation by preventing the degradation of essential cellular machinery, such as RNA Pol II, required for successful viral gene synthesis. The virus manipulates the cellular microenvironment to ensure efficient functioning of the transcription machinery during hypoxic conditions.
Article
Microbiology
Prerna Dabral, Timsy Uppal, Subhash C. Verma
Summary: In this study, we identified the presence of multiple G-quadruplex sites in the region (oriLyt) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA, which is essential for DNA replication during the lytic cycle. We demonstrated the roles of these G-quadruplexes through multiple biochemical and biophysical assays in controlling replication and efficient virus production. We demonstrated that KSHV achieves this by recruiting RecQ1 (helicase) at those G-quadruplex sites for efficient viral DNA replication. Analysis of the replicated DNA through nucleoside labeling and immunostaining showed a reduced initiation of DNA replication in cells with a pharmacologic stabilizer of G-quadruplexes. Overall, this study confirmed the role of the G-quadruplex in regulating viral DNA replication, which can be exploited for controlling viral DNA replication.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Su-Kyung Kang, Myung-Ju Lee, Ho-Hyun Ryu, Jisu Lee, Myung-Shin Lee
Summary: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked to various diseases, efficient virus production and isolation are crucial for research. DMSO shows promise in enhancing KSHV viral production by affecting its lytic genes, and the activation of JNK is implicated in this process.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Xiaolin Zhang, Qingping Lan, Mingyu Zhang, Fan Wang, Keyi Shi, Xiaojuan Li, Ersheng Kuang
Summary: Inflammasomes are important innate immune defenses against viral and bacterial infections. Various inflammasome sensors can detect invading pathogens and trigger inflammasome activation and/or pyroptosis in infected cells. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) employs a protein called SOX to suppress AIM2 inflammasome activation, promoting viral replication and inhibiting pyroptosis.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Virology
Antonia Herrera-Ortiz, Wen Meng, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in efficient KSHV lytic replication, and inhibition of NO production results in reduced levels of infectious virions and viral lytic transcripts and proteins. Exogenous addition of a NO donor enhances the full KSHV lytic replication program.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
James C. Murphy, Elena M. Harrington, Sophie Schumann, Elton J. R. Vasconcelos, Timothy J. Mottram, Katherine L. Harper, Julie L. Aspden, Adrian Whitehouse
Summary: Historically, ribosomes were thought to be homogeneous machines lacking regulatory capacity, but recent discoveries have uncovered the existence of compositionally distinct, specialized ribosomes that actively regulate mRNA translation. This study focuses on the manipulation of ribosome biogenesis by KSHV to generate specialized ribosomes for efficient translation of viral mRNAs.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Brian F. Niemeyer, Bridget Sanford, Joy E. Gibson, Jennifer N. Berger, Lauren M. Oko, Eva Medina, Eric T. Clambey, Linda F. van Dyk
Summary: Research has shown that the viral cyclin plays a critical role in promoting the transition of gammaherpesviruses from latency to active infection by affecting the frequency of LANA gene expression. Disruption of the viral cyclin significantly reduces the expression frequency of the LANA gene, without affecting the distribution of infected cells, but is crucial for reactivation.
Article
Virology
William Rodriguez, Timothy Mehrmann, David Hatfield, Mandy Muller
Summary: SHFL is a protein with antiviral properties that can restrict the replication of multiple viruses. It restricts KSHV replication by targeting the expression of critical viral early genes, and affects RNA stability and granule formation.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Wen-Ying Long, Guo-hua Zhao, Yao Wu, Ying Liu
Summary: Gallic acid (GA) induces apoptotic cell death in BCBL-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, inhibits KSHV reactivation, reduces the production of progeny virus from KSHV-harboring cells, and suppresses the transcriptional activities of KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) protein by inhibiting its binding to target gene promoters. These results suggest that GA may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of KSHV infection and KSHV-associated lymphomas.
FOOD SCIENCE & NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Virology
Atsuko Sugimoto, Yuichi Abe, Tadashi Watanabe, Kohei Hosokawa, Jun Adachi, Takeshi Tomonaga, Yasumasa Iwatani, Takayuki Murata, Masahiro Fujimuro
Summary: During Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication, the UBE1L2-FAT10 system is upregulated to promote FAT10ylation and contribute to viral propagation.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Oliver Manners, Belinda Baquero-Perez, Timothy J. Mottram, Ivaylo D. Yonchev, Christopher J. Trevelyan, Katherine L. Harper, Sarah Menezes, Molly R. Patterson, Andrew Macdonald, Stuart A. Wilson, Julie L. Aspden, Adrian Whitehouse
Summary: The epitranscriptomic modification m(6)A is a ubiquitous feature in mammals, regulating mRNA fate and dynamics and playing a role in viral infection. In this study, the researchers investigated the role of m(6)A in cellular transcripts during KSHV lytic replication. Their results showed that m(6)A is crucial for the stability of GPRC5A mRNA, which is induced by the KSHV latent-lytic switch master regulator RTA protein. Additionally, they demonstrated that GPRC5A is essential for efficient KSHV lytic replication by regulating NF & kappa;B signalling.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chen Gam Ze Letova, Inna Kalt, Meir Shamay, Ronit Sarid
Summary: KSHV virus can infect host cells in latent and lytic forms, with superinfection enhancing establishment of latent infection. Expressing the major latency protein LANA-1 prior to and during infection promotes efficient latency establishment, indicating that superinfection may support long-term latency maintenance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Chunhong Di, Guoxia Zheng, Yunheng Zhang, Enyu Tong, Yanli Ren, Yu Hong, Yang Song, Rong Chen, Xiaohua Tan, Lei Yang
Summary: The recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region (RBPJ) plays a dual role in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) replication. Its interaction with replication and transcription activator (RTA) is essential for lytic replication, while the interaction with latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) facilitates latent infection.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Katherine A. Willard, Ashley P. Barry, Cliff I. Oduor, John Michael Ong'echa, Jeffrey A. Bailey, Ann M. Moormann, Micah A. Luftig
Summary: In this study, we describe an unusual spontaneous lytic phenotype in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan endemic Burkitt lymphoma patients. These findings provide insight into viral and host factors involved in this process and the potential contribution of promiscuous lytic activity to the formation of EBV-associated diseases.
Article
Virology
Hu Zhang, Douglas K. Fischer, Masahiro Shuda, Patrick S. Moore, Shou-Jiang Gao, Zandrea Ambrose, Haitao Guo
Summary: Two SARS-CoV-2 minigenome replicon systems, IVT-CoV2-Rep and BAC-CoV2-Rep, have been developed for research on SARS-CoV-2 virology and antiviral discovery. IVT-CoV2-Rep demonstrates rapid and transient replication in various cell lines, which can be inhibited by known SARS-CoV-2 replication inhibitors. BAC-CoV2-Rep exhibits a stronger and longer replicon signal, and a portion of the signal shows resistance to antiviral treatment.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Md Azahar Ali, Chunshan Hu, Fei Zhang, Sanjida Jahan, Bin Yuan, Mohammad S. Saleh, Shou-Jiang Gao, Rahul Panat
Summary: Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is crucial for COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccine evaluation. A 3D biosensor fabricated using aerosol jet 3D printing enables quantification of antibodies in seconds with high sensitivity and regenerability.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Virology
Shou-Jiang Gao, Haitao Guo, Guangxiang Luo
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaoyu Qi, Qin Yan, Yuancui Shang, Runran Zhao, Xiangya Ding, Shou-Jiang Gao, Wan Li, Chun Lu
Summary: This study reveals a novel role of viral interferon regulatory factor 1 (vIRF1) in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) metabolic reprogramming. vIRF1 increases glucose uptake and ATP production by downregulating hnRNP Q1, which destabilizes the mRNA of GDPD1 and induces aerobic glycolysis. These findings provide a potential therapeutic target for KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Jian Feng, Teng Zhang, Oceane Sorel, Wen Meng, Xinquan Zhang, Zhao Lai, Weiming Yuan, Yidong Chen, Yufei Huang, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: This study reveals the important role of N-6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) in regulating innate immunity against bacterial and viral infections. By examining cellular m(6)A epitranscriptomes, the study shows that many innate immune response genes undergo m(6)A modifications. The findings provide valuable resources for the scientific community.
CELL DEATH & DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Virology
Md Azahar Ali, George Fei Zhang, Chunshan Hu, Bin Yuan, Sanjida Jahan, Georgios D. Kitsios, Alison Morris, Shou-Jiang Gao, Rahul Panat
Summary: This manuscript evaluates a simple ultrarapid test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients, which provides quantitative results within 10-12 seconds. With the use of a nanomaterial-based three-dimensional (3D)-printed biosensing platform, this test can detect antibodies in human plasma samples at extremely low concentrations. The results demonstrate the potential of this rapid antibody test platform for understanding patients' immunity, disease epidemiology, and vaccine efficacy.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
George Fei Zhang, Wen Meng, Luping Chen, Ling Ding, Shenyu Sun, Xian Wang, Yufei Huang, Haitao Guo, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: Since the first COVID-19 case in 2019, various SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) with different infectivity and pathology have emerged. Researchers conducted infection analysis on human cells from different organs using VOC pseudoviruses and found that many VOCs had significantly higher infectivity compared to the wild type. Recombinant ACE2 protein was found to be more effective in inhibiting the infection of VOCs such as Delta and Omicron. The study also revealed the role of ACE2 expression levels in different cell types in the infection inhibition by recombinant S1, RBD, Kim-1, and NRP-1 proteins.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Jian Feng, Wen Meng, Luping Chen, Xinquan Zhang, Ashley Markazi, Weiming Yuan, Yufei Huang, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: The study reveals that viral and bacterial infections enhance the degradation of DUSP1 transcript, activate p38 and JNK pathways, and promote the expression of innate immune response genes. This is achieved through the rapid increase of DUSP1 transcript and its N-6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) levels, as well as the involvement of the reader protein YTHDF2.
Article
Virology
Koushul Ramjattun, Xiaojun Ma, Shou-Jiang Gao, Harinder Singh, Hatice Ulku Osmanbeyoglu
Summary: In order to combat COVID-19, it is crucial to understand the host cell types, cell states, and regulators associated with infection and pathogenesis. SPaRTAN, an integrated tool for analyzing single-cell proteomic and transcriptomic data, has been developed to identify the associations between cell surface proteins and transcription factors in host immune cells. To provide a user-friendly platform for data analysis and visualization, the COVID-19db web server has been established, which includes cell surface protein expression, SPaRTAN-inferred TF activities, and their associations with major host immune cell types.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Long Gao, Yufeng Gao, Kexing Han, Zining Wang, Fang Meng, Jiaying Liu, Xin Zhao, Yun Shao, Jiapei Shen, Weijie Sun, Yanyan Liu, Honghai Xu, Xiaohong Du, Jiabin Li, Frank Xiao-Feng Qin
Summary: This study identified FBXO11 as a crucial regulator of IFN-I signaling and antiviral processes against various RNA/DNA viruses. It was found to enhance IFN-I signaling by promoting the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, and its expression was positively correlated with disease progression in viral infections. This makes FBXO11 a potential therapeutic target for different viral diseases.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Tingting Li, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in controlling cellular behaviors, and cancer cells often have excessive ROS due to oncogenic stress. In this study, we found that KSHV virus upregulates antioxidant genes by activating FoxO1 to maintain intracellular ROS level, which is essential for KSHV-induced cellular proliferation and transformation.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Junxia Feng, Xiaohu Cui, Bing Du, Hanqing Zhao, Yanling Feng, Jinghua Cui, Chao Yan, Lin Gan, Zheng Fan, Tongtong Fu, Ziying Xu, Zihui Yu, Rui Zhang, Shuheng Du, Ziyan Tian, Qun Zhang, Guanhua Xue, Jing Yuan
Summary: This study developed a rapid and sensitive ddPCR assay for detecting Klebsiella pneumoniae in fecal samples. The ddPCR assay showed higher sensitivity, specificity, and lower inhibition compared to real-time PCR and microbial culture. The findings suggest that ddPCR could be an effective tool for detecting K. pneumoniae in fecal samples and guiding treatment decisions.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Xinquan Zhang, Wen Meng, Jian Feng, Xinghong Gao, Chao Qin, Pinghui Feng, Yufei Huang, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: This study identifies the suppressive role of RNA methyltransferase METTL16 in KSHV lytic replication. METTL16 regulates the SAM cycle to maintain intracellular SAM level and redox homeostasis, thereby inhibiting KSHV lytic replication.
CELL DEATH & DISEASE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qin Yan, Jing Zhou, Ziyu Wang, Xiangya Ding, Xinyue Ma, Wan Li, Xuemei Jia, Shou-Jiang Gao, Chun Lu
Summary: NAT10 is an enzyme that catalyzes RNA acetylation at the cytidine N-4 position, increasing the stability of HIV-1 transcripts and triggering viral reactivation from latency. It also plays a role in KSHV replication and antiviral immunity by modifying PAN RNA and recruiting IFI16 mRNA for inflammasome activation.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Luping Chen, Ling Ding, Xian Wang, Yufei Huang, Shou-Jiang Gao
Summary: This study reveals an important role of the IL-1 pathway in KSHV-induced inflammation and oncogenesis, which can be inhibited by dexamethasone-activated GR signaling.
Article
Virology
Naiqing Xu, Xinen Tang, Xin Wang, Miao Cai, Xiaowen Liu, Xiaolong Lu, Shunlin Hu, Min Gu, Jiao Hu, Ruyi Gao, Kaituo Liu, Yu Chen, Xiufan Liu, Xiaoquan Wang
Summary: This study found that the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus has a high airborne transmissibility, while the H7N9 virus does not. The Hemagglutinin protein of the H9N2 virus was found to play a key role in replication, stability, and airborne transmission.
Article
Virology
Samar S. Ewies, Sabry M. Tamam, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim, Sherin R. Rouby
Summary: Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats worldwide. The study provided a clinical description of CE and screened for genetic variation in the B2L gene. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia and oral lesions, while inoculated chicken embryos showed pock lesions. The B2L gene was successfully amplified and found to be highly conserved.
Article
Virology
Yigal Farnoushi, Dan Heller, Avishai Lublin
Summary: In recent years, new variants of avian reovirus (ARV) have caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. This study analyzed emerging ARV variants in Israel and found significant genetic diversity. Most ARV isolates in Israel belonged to genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The study suggests that Israel has not experienced the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585), but ongoing monitoring is needed due to the continuous emergence of ARV variants.
Article
Virology
Shigeru Tajima, Michiyo Kataoka, Yuki Takamatsu, Hideki Ebihara, Chang-Kweng Lim
Summary: Yokose virus (YOKV), a bat-associated flavivirus, was found to replicate at a slower rate in mosquito cells compared to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Specific nucleotide mutations in the virus were identified to enhance its proliferation ability in mosquito cells.
Article
Virology
Alejandra Borjabad, Baojun Dong, Wei Chao, David J. Volsky, Mary Jane Potash
Summary: This study investigated HIV brain disease using a mouse model, and found that poly I:C can reverse associated cognitive impairment and reduce virus burden. The results also revealed transcriptional changes related to neuronal function and innate immune responses.
Article
Virology
Ching-Hung Lin, Feng-Cheng Hsieh, Meilin Wang, Chieh Hsu, Hsuan-Wei Hsu, Chun-Chun Yang, Cheng-Yao Yang, Hung-Yi Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the synthesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA is not solely determined by the sequence homology between the leader TRS and TRS-B, but also by the disassociation of the coronavirus polymerase from the viral genome. This finding provides a new insight into the transcription mechanism of coronaviruses.
Article
Virology
Nicholas S. Kron, Benjamin W. Neuman, Sathish Kumar, Patricia L. Blackwelder, Dayana Vidal, Delphina Z. Walker-Phelan, Patrick D. I. Gibbs, Lynne A. Fieber, Michael C. Schmale
Summary: Two recent studies documented the genome of a novel virus in marine animals, finding that the virus is widespread in apparently healthy animals but not highly expressed in neurons. The studies also identified viral replication factories and high levels of defective genomes in chronically infected animals.
Article
Virology
Andrew M. Ramey, Laura C. Scott, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Evan J. Buck, Alison R. Williams, Mia Kim Torchetti, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. Poulson
Summary: We successfully detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in hunter-harvested wild waterfowl samples from western Alaska. Genomic analysis revealed three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our findings demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of using molecular processing approaches directly on original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
Article
Virology
Ting Gong, Dongdong Wu, Yongzhi Feng, Xing Liu, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Zheng, Zebu Song, Heng Wang, Guihong Zhang, Lang Gong
Summary: This study discovered that quercetin can inhibit PEDV replication both in vivo and in vitro, and alleviate the clinical symptoms and intestinal injury caused by the virus. This provides a new direction for the development of PED antiviral drugs.
Article
Virology
Min Zhu, Hao Zeng, Jianqiao He, Yaohui Zhu, Pingping Wang, Jianing Guo, Jinfan Guo, Huabo Zhou, Yifeng Qin, Kang Ouyang, Zuzhang Wei, Weijian Huang, Ying Chen
Summary: The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study found that the introduction of EA H1N1 internal genes into H9N2 virus restored the replication capability and resulted in extreme virulence in some cases. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.
