Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Mokarameh Pudineh Moarref, Mojtaba Alimolaei, Tara Emami, Mohammad Kazem Koohi
Summary: In this study, biomimetic biodegradable nanodevices were synthesized to improve the efficiency of the ETX vaccine. The coated RV-NTs showed enhanced stability and slower release compared to NTs, and were able to reduce the toxicity of ETX.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Samantha V. Shetty, Michael R. Mazzucco, Paige Winokur, Sylvia V. Haigh, Kareem Rashid Rumah, Vincent A. Fischetti, Timothy Vartanian, Jennifer R. Linden
Summary: In this study, it was found that epsilon toxin (ETX) binds to and kills human lymphocytes expressing high levels of the myelin and lymphocyte protein MAL. ETX binding and cytotoxicity were highest for CD4+ cells. MAL gene expression was also highest in CD4+ cells. These findings suggest that ETX may affect the immune response in multiple sclerosis.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Hernando D. Acevedo, Maya S. Schlesinger, Nicolas Streitenberger, Eileen Henderson, Javier Asin, Juliann Beingesser, Francisco A. Uzal
Summary: Two Nigerian dwarf goat kids, 2- and 3-day-old, exhibited acute diarrhea and death. Autopsy and histopathology revealed mesocolonic edema, necrosuppurative colitis, and protein-rich pulmonary edema. Alpha toxin and ETX were detected in intestinal content, and C. perfringens type D was isolated from the colon of both animals.
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Mojtaba Alimolaei, Mehdi Golchin, Amin Baluch-akbari
Summary: This study demonstrates that recombinant Lactobacillus expressing a mutant of Etx can significantly enhance humoral immune responses in mice when used for preventative oral and parenteral immunization. Oral immunization shows a more significant protective effect against certain doses of Etx, particularly highlighting the important role of immune responses induced at mucosal surfaces.
Article
Pathology
Federico Giannitti, Jorge P. Garcia, Vicki Adams, Joaquin I. Armendano, Juliann Beingesser, Julian I. Rood, Francisco A. Uzal
Summary: English summary: Type D enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is a significant clostridial disease in sheep. The authors studied the renal changes in an experimental model of this disease and evaluated the role of ETX in their development. The results showed no specific gross or histologic renal lesions in sheep with experimental acute type D enterotoxemia, regardless of whether they were infected with wild-type or mutant strains.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
John W. Finnie, Francisco A. Uzal
Summary: Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin (ETX) causes severe neurological disease in ruminant livestock and is of worldwide distribution. The toxin can reach the brain through the bloodstream, leading to neurologic syndromes. ETX is also listed as a potential bioterrorism agent.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jige Du, Tuanjie Wang, Lei Xu, Cong Wang, Ying Liu, Chenfan Pan, Xiaoyun Chen, Zhen Zhu, Yufeng Luo, Chunsheng Yin
Summary: In this study, two genetically engineered mutants of ETX were synthesized by mutating four essential amino acid residues, which exhibited reduced toxicity and induced higher levels of antibodies and protection in mice. Among them, rpETXm41 could stimulate toxin-neutralizing antibodies in sheep for at least 6 months, conferring protection against ETX challenge.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Jonatan Dorca-Arevalo, Inmaculada Gomez de Aranda, Juan Blasi
Summary: Researchers generated two new non-toxic mutants of Etx through selective deletions, and found that Etx-Delta S188-F196 specifically recognized O-glycoprotein in animal kidneys, while the pore-forming ability of Etx-Delta V108-F135 was affected.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Wei Wan, Yue Li, Jing Wang, Zhiying Jin, Wenwen Xin, Lin Kang, Junhong Wang, Xiaoyang Li, Yakun Cao, Hao Yang, Jinglin Wang, Shan Gao
Summary: In this study, a new type of dissolving microneedle patch (dMN) with a nanoparticle adjuvant was developed to enhance immune response and deliver the rETX(Y196E)-C protein vaccine. The dMN vaccine showed good mechanical properties, immunogenicity, and protection, effectively preventing ETX poisoning.
Article
Immunology
Mohammad Shokrzadeh, Ali Zeyar, Reza Golmohammadi, Seyed Hossein Mousavi, Seyed Ali Mirhosseini
Summary: The study found that Etx has significant oxidative stress effects on human lymphocytes at doses above 25 μM, and it significantly increases the number of micronuclei formed in lymphocytes. This indicates that Etx poses genetic toxicity and interferes with cell division processes.
MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sunil Kumar, Santosh Kumar Behera, Kumaresan Gururaj, Anurag Chaurasia, Sneha Murmu, Ratna Prabha, U. B. Angadi, Rajveer Singh Pawaiya, Anil Rai
Summary: This study investigated the structural features of goat Myelin and lymphocytic (MAL) protein to understand its binding with the pathogenic epsilon toxin. The results showed that there were differences in the binding efficiency and stability between the wild type ETX-MAL protein complex and the mutated ETX-MAL protein complex, providing new insights for designing a vaccine against Enterotoxaemia in goats.
JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Riaz Hussain, Zhang Guangbin, Rao Zahid Abbas, Abu Baker Siddique, Mudassar Mohiuddin, Iahtasham Khan, Tauseef Ur Rehman, Ahrar Khan
Summary: This study analyzed the occurrence and toxinotypes of enterotoxemia in small ruminants in the desert area of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The results showed significant differences in mortality rates caused by Clostridium perfringens type A and type D. It is important to follow a proper vaccination schedule to protect the health of small ruminants.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Richard W. Titball, Nicholas Lewis, Richard Nicholas
Summary: Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is associated with enterotoxaemia in livestock and possibly plays a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. Strains of C. perfringens producing epsilon toxin are more likely to be found in the gut of MS patients and at higher levels, and MS patients are also more likely to have antibodies to epsilon toxin. The toxin damages the blood-brain barrier and brain cells expressing a specific receptor, leading to infiltration of immune cells and inducing an MS-like disease in an animal model. These findings suggest a role for epsilon toxin in MS, but further studies are needed to establish a causal relationship.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Julia Bruggisser, Ioan Iacovache, Samuel C. Musson, Matteo T. Degiacomi, Horst Posthaus, Benoit Zuber
Summary: This study describes the structure of Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin (CPB) and its formation of an octameric pore complex with unique structural features. The research also identifies CPB as a member of a new subclass of the hemolysin-like family. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the structure of the pore can be modified without affecting its pore-forming ability, making it attractive for macromolecule sensing and nanotechnology. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of the CPB octameric pore will contribute to future developments in nanotechnology and basic research.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jinglin Xu, Dongxue Li, Lin Kang, Tingting Liu, Jing Huang, Jiaxin Li, Jing Lv, Jing Wang, Shan Gao, Yanwei Li, Bing Yuan, Baohua Zhao, Jinglin Wang, Wenwen Xin
Summary: The study found that membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles (MNPs) with erythrocyte membrane origin were safer and more effective in neutralizing and protecting the host from epsilon-toxin (ETX) intoxication. Both intravenous injection and lung delivery of MNPs effectively protected mice against ETX, with lung delivery being more effective. MNPs also altered the distribution of ETX in different organs and slowly released and neutralized it in the liver and spleen.
JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
R. C. Jago, S. Scholes, T. S. Mair, G. R. Pearson, R. S. Pirie, I. Handel, E. M. Milne, F. Coyle, B. C. McGorum
EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL
(2018)
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
G. B. Morais, D. A. Viana, J. M. Verdugo, M. G. Rosello, J. O. Porcel, D. D. Rocha, F. A. F. Xavier Junior, K. D. S. M. Barbosa, F. M. O. Silva, G. A. C. Brito, C. M. S. Sampaio, J. S. A. M. Evangelista
MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE
(2018)
Article
Pathology
Joaquin Ortega, Jose Manuel Verdes, Eleonora L. Morrell, John W. Finnie, Jim Manavis, Francisco A. Uzal
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2019)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Lopez-Murcia Maria del Mar, Mayordomo-Febrer Aloma, Viana David, Mozos Elena, Ortega Joaquin
BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH
(2019)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Sofia C. Sacco, Joaquin Ortega, Mauricio A. Navarro, Karina C. Fresneda, Mark Anderson, Leslie W. Woods, Janet Moore, Francisco A. Uzal
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION
(2020)
Article
Parasitology
M. C. Martinez-Herrero, J. Sansano-Maestre, J. Ortega, F. Gonzalez, I Lopez-Marquez, M. T. Gomez-Munoz, M. M. Garijo-Toledo
VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Anna Letko, Reinie Dijkman, Ben Strugnell, Irene M. Hafliger, Julia M. Paris, Katrina Henderson, Tim Geraghty, Hannah Orr, Sandra Scholes, Cord Drogemuller
Article
Parasitology
Jesus Cardells-Peris, Moises Gonzalvez, Joaquin Ortega-Porcel, Maria Rocio Ruiz de Ybanez, Maria Carmen Martinez-Herrero, Maria Magdalena Garijo-Toledo
PARASITOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2020)
Article
Zoology
Jorge Rosell, Estefania Montero, Miguel Candelas, Jose Luis Crespo-Picazo, Daniel Garcia-Parraga, Elise E. B. LaDouceur, Juan Manuel Corpa, Joaquin Ortega
Summary: During a 12 month period, a group of 14 medusa-stage jellies of the genus Chrysaora, including Pacific sea nettle and Japanese sea nettle, developed progressive ulcerative umbrellar lesions in a public aquarium. Water quality abnormalities, particularly elevated NO2 and pH levels, were identified as main predisposing factors for the development of ulcerative lesions, while ciliated protozoa were considered secondary pathogens.
JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Ana Garcia-Galan, Juan Seva, Angel Gomez-Martin, Joaquin Ortega, Francisco Rodriguez, Angel Garcia-Munoz, Christian De la Fe
Summary: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common health and economic problem that mainly affects feedlot calves. This study highlights the importance of Mycoplasma bovis in BRD affecting feedlot calves in Spain, showcasing high prevalence and resistance to antimicrobials commonly used for treatment.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Estefania Montero, Carlos Rojo-Solis, Noelia de Castro, Miguel Fernandez, Valentin Perez, Juan M. Corpa, Joaquin Ortega
Summary: This study describes the clinical signs and lesions associated with mycobacteriosis in Syngnathids, and provides the molecular characterization of the causative mycobacteria. It also reports the first description of mycobacteriosis found in Syngnathus acus.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Joaquin Ortega, Juan M. Corpa, Diego Castillo, Brian G. Murphy
Summary: This study describes the pathological findings of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in small ruminants from Spain, with a focus on the mixed form. Most observed tumors displayed characteristics of both classical and atypical forms, classified as mixed.
Article
Pathology
Joaquin Ortega, Jeanette Wyneken, Michael M. Garner
Summary: This study provides a comprehensive description of clinical, gross, and histologic findings in bearded dragons with aneurysms. The most common location for aneurysms was the cranial coelom, accompanied by thrombi formation and hematomas. The study suggests that the development of aneurysms in bearded dragons may be associated with degenerative changes in the vessel walls.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anna Letko, Ben Strugnell, Irene M. Hafliger, Julia M. Paris, Katie Waine, Cord Drogemuller, Sandra Scholes
Summary: This study characterized a novel form of neurodegenerative disorder in Swaledale sheep and identified two pathogenic variants in the PLA2G6 gene responsible for this disorder, providing new insights for selection against this fatal disease in sheep.
MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Leonie F. Forth, Sandra F. E. Scholes, Patricia A. Pesavento, Kenneth Jackson, Adrienne Mackintosh, Amanda Carson, Fiona Howie, Kore Schlottau, Kerstin Wernike, Anne Pohlmann, Dirk Hoeper, Martin Beer
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2019)