期刊
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE
卷 29, 期 1, 页码 11-+出版社
W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.11.008
关键词
Local anesthetics; Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); Opioids; alpha 2-Agonists; N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists; Gabapentin
资金
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture [2008-35204-19238, 2009-65120-05729]
Extra label drug use for pain relief in the United States is regulated under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act. Agents that may provide analgesia in livestock include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, alpha 2-agonists, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. The challenges associated with providing pain relief in food animals and the salient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of the analgesic compounds that could potentially be used in livestock are reviewed. The potential use of novel agents such as bicarbonate, magnesium, ethanol, and gabapentin to augment analgesia is also discussed.
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