Article
Engineering, Civil
Tron Vedul Tronstad, Gunnar D. Jenssen, Claudia Moscoso, Carl Sodersten, Eugene Zaikonnikov
Summary: This study demonstrates that sound signals can effectively assist people in evacuating from tunnels filled with smoke during a fire, increasing the evacuation success rate. Participants showed a higher preference for tone-based sound signals such as bell sound and whistling sound. These findings have important implications for assessing new measures to enhance tunnel evacuation efficiency during emergencies.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Review
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Yi Wang, Miltos Kyriakidis, Vinh N. Dang
Summary: Evacuation modelling has evolved from simple engineering equations to sophisticated models representing evacuation behaviors and decisions. This paper lays the foundation for a more realistic representation of human factors in evacuation models, reviewing recent advances in pedestrian and vehicular evacuation studies to understand the impact of various factors on evacuee behavior. The consensus perspective on key behaviors is used to review recent advances in evacuation modelling, highlighting current limitations and suggesting future research directions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Natalia Schmidt-Polonczyk, Jaroslaw Was, Jakub Porzycki
Summary: This paper presents a preliminary assessment of road tunnel safety issues among respondents, revealing that most participants lack sufficient knowledge of safety procedures. Individuals who have participated in evacuation exercises have a better understanding of road tunnel safety regulations, indicating the importance of educational evacuation exercises in enhancing safety awareness.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Fabio Borghetti, Alessio Frassoldati, Marco Derudi, Igino Lai, Cristian Trinchini
Summary: Managing a major event in a road tunnel requires more resources compared to an open-air event due to the confined environment. Additional safety measures, like the rapid intervention of emergency teams located near the tunnel, can increase the level of safety. These teams use properly equipped vehicles and have detailed knowledge of the specific tunnel system, allowing them to effectively manage fires and support the evacuation process. The research contributes to the evaluation of the emergency teams' effectiveness, showing short intervention times and validating their high effectiveness value.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Razieh Khaksari, Zambri Harun, Les Fielding, John Aldridge
Summary: This numerical research evaluates the evacuation process in a tunnel under contraflow condition through simulations, showing that all evacuees can successfully evacuate before their survival is affected by the fire.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Cheng Xie, Liwen Huang, Rui Wang, Jian Deng, Yaqing Shu
Summary: Navigation tunnels are crucial for inland navigation and require research on safety evacuation during ship fire accidents, which plays a vital role in ensuring the safety of personnel.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Aleksander Krol, Malgorzata Krol
Summary: A fire outbreak in an urban tunnel can pose a great danger due to thick toxic smoke hindering evacuation, emphasizing the importance of self-rescue efforts. Research findings suggest that a large number of people may be at risk during a fire, with over half potentially coming into contact with harmful factors.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Miho Seike, Yung-Chi Lu, Nobuyoshi Kawabata, Masato Hasegawa
Summary: A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the evacuation speed distribution in a smoke-filled tunnel, where it was found that evacuation speed decreases with increasing extinction coefficient. The results suggest that evacuation speed rapidly decreases around Cs = 4 m-1 and approaches asymptotically to the values reported by Seike et al. (2020).
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Linfan Liu, Huajun Zhang, Jun Shi, Jianning Geng
Summary: This paper proposes a cruise ship evacuation route optimization model based on a time-varying equivalent weight Dijkstra algorithm, which considers factors such as CO concentration, visibility, temperature, and evacuee speed, resulting in more efficient evacuation route planning. Simulation results demonstrate that the model achieves shorter evacuation time compared to traditional algorithms and an improved social force model.
SIMULATION MODELLING PRACTICE AND THEORY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Da-jun Yuan, Hui Jin, Zhi-cong Chen, Sheng-nan Liu
Summary: An evacuation experiment based on the most unfavorable scenario was conducted to measure basic parameters, reveal performance, and study staircase spacing in case of fire. The experiment showed evacuation speeds under different conditions and proposed a calculation formula for reasonable staircase spacing. The theoretical model was verified using project cases, providing recommendations for escape staircase spacing.
ADVANCES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Industrial
Lynn M. Hulse, Steven Deere, Edwin R. Galea
Summary: Between 500 and 600 construction site fires occur each year in the UK, although the actual number may be higher. Workers generally knew the correct procedures to follow in case of a fire emergency, but actual evacuation rates were not as high as expected.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Krystian Szewczynski, Aleksander Krol, Malgorzata Krol
Summary: Urban road tunnels are a reasonable solution to congested road traffic inconveniences but also bring specific threats, including the possibility of fire outbreaks. Through a case study of selected tunnels in Poland, it was estimated that low-power tunnel fires could occur in the next 10-20 years, while the chances of disastrous fire accidents were also assessed.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yuxin Zhang, Wei Li, Yi Rui, Siyao Wang, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan
Summary: This research conducts evacuation simulations of occupants' flow in a tunnel fire and proposes optimized evacuation strategies. The results indicate that the presence of fire significantly affects the evacuation efficiency, particularly under high crowd densities. Accurate predictions of evacuation flow considering fire are essential.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kunkun Chu, Baochao Xie, Zhisheng Xu, Dan Zhou, Lu He, Jiaming Zhao, Houlin Ying
Summary: With the rapid development of the economy and tunnel construction technology, the construction of underwater road tunnels has increased in China. These tunnels play a crucial role in connecting cities and regions in transportation. However, the closure of underwater tunnels makes personnel evacuation in emergencies, such as fires, challenging. A full-scale evacuation experiment was conducted in an underwater shield tunnel to explore the characteristics of personnel evacuation behavior in the case of fire. The findings showed the importance of driver's role, proper guidance, good road conditions, and tunnel familiarity in enhancing the evacuation process.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Industrial
Jieyu Chen, Tianxing Shi, Nan Li
Summary: Pedestrian evacuation simulation (PES) is a low-cost and low-risk method to facilitate safety design and emergency management by describing pedestrian evacuation behaviors and predicting outcomes. Current research shows that PES models have limited adaptability to different evacuation scenarios, and verification and validation remain major challenges for PES tools.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nicola Berloco, Pasquale Colonna, Paolo Intini
Summary: This study proposes a general mathematical formulation for linking geometric parameters with the deviation angle in different types of roundabouts. The results suggest that the design parameters of roundabouts can affect the deflection of vehicle trajectories under certain conditions. The study provides optimized design methods and speed control measures to improve the safety of roundabouts.
JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ENGLISH EDITION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Erik Smedberg, Gunilla Carlsson, Giedre Gefenaite, Bjorn Slaug, Steven M. Schmidt, Enrico Ronchi
Summary: Older people and individuals with functional limitations are considered vulnerable groups in evacuation situations. This study examines their perspectives on evacuation and finds that they prefer to rely on their own abilities to overcome limitations rather than depending on the physical environment or others' support.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Vittorio Ranieri, Stefano Coropulis, Nicola Berloco, Veronica Fedele, Paolo Intini, Claudio Laricchia, Pasquale Colonna
Summary: This study aimed to solve the urban heat island phenomenon in a parking area in Bari, Italy by testing six different materials. The results showed that green pavement, grey porous concrete blocks, and light concrete permeable pavement were the most effective in reducing the potential air temperature and mitigating the urban heat island effect. The study also compared the structural properties and construction and maintenance costs of these pavements, finding the best mitigation strategy.
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Paolo Intini, Nicola Berloco, Stefano Coropulis, Roberta Gentile, Vittorio Ranieri
Summary: This study aims to develop a predictive framework for estimating crash frequencies and determining priority areas for interventions by establishing SPFs at the macro-level. The study used a province-wide database and divided cities and towns into census macro-zones based on different safety performance indicators and basic predictors.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Javier Gonzalez-Villa, Arturo Cuesta, Daniel Alvear, Adriana Balboa
Summary: Predicting and understanding mass evacuations are crucial in disaster management and response. To address the lack of real-time capabilities in current modelling approaches, a real-time Evacuation Management System (EMS) is proposed, which combines classical models and GIS-based traffic and pedestrian models to compute optimal assembly points, shelters, and evacuation routes.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Paolo Intini, Jonathan Wahlqvist, Niklas Wetterberg, Enrico Ronchi
Summary: This paper examines evacuation scenarios during wildland-urban interface fires and investigates the impact of reduced visibility conditions on the evacuation effectiveness using traffic models. The study demonstrates that the presence of smoke on the road significantly decreases movement speed and increases evacuation times.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Industrial
Harry Mitchell, Steve Gwynne, Enrico Ronchi, Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Guillermo Rein
Summary: The hazards of wildfires are significantly increased when it reaches the wildland-urban interface. This paper presents a framework for developing evacuation triggers that take into account both fire spread and community evacuation. By coupling wildfire and evacuation models, the PERIL tool was applied to real communities, demonstrating its potential to inform safer strategies for protecting rural communities threatened by wildfires.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Nazim Yakhou, Peter Thompson, Asim Siddiqui, Jimmy Abualdenien, Enrico Ronchi
Summary: This paper presents a framework for integrating fire evacuation models into Building Information Modelling (BIM) to enhance coordination between stakeholders and enable more efficient assessments. The benefits of a two-way data flow between BIM and fire evacuation design tools are demonstrated.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Alain Alonso, David Lazaro, Mariano Lazaro, Daniel Alvear
Summary: To understand the fire behavior of cables, researchers propose a combination of cone calorimeter tests and fire simulation modeling. The thermal characterization of cable parts is first carried out, followed by modeling complete cable samples using the obtained data. The simulations are compared with experimental data to discard erroneous configurations. The results show that the inverse modeling process accurately characterizes material parts, and both simple and detailed simulation models can replicate the heat release rate curve, although with some discrepancies.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Steve M. V. Gwynne, Enrico Ronchi, Jonathan Wahlqvist, Arturo Cuesta, Javier Gonzalez Villa, Erica D. Kuligowski, Amanda Kimball, Guillermo Rein, Max Kinateder, Noureddine Benichou, Hui Xie
Summary: This paper presents a dataset collected during a community evacuation drill in Roxborough Park, Colorado (USA) in 2019. The data was used to benchmark two evacuation models that adopt different modelling approaches. The analysis showed that the models' performance was sensitive to the assumptions made for pre-evacuation time inputs.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Arthur Rohaert, Nima Janfeshanaraghi, Erica Kuligowski, Enrico Ronchi
Summary: In this study, a methodology was developed to extract traffic dynamics from historical traffic data and applied to a case study of the 2020 Glass Fire in California, USA. The results showed the significant role of background traffic in wildfire evacuations. The study demonstrated that the methodology can be used to understand traffic dynamics during wildfire evacuations and validate evacuation models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
E. Kuligowski, E Ronchi, J. Wahlqvist, S. M. Gwynne, M. Kinateder, G. Rein, H. Mitchell, N. Benichou, A. Kimball
Summary: The number of people living in bushfire-prone areas is increasing globally. In Australia, over 1.5 million people live in high to extreme bushfire risk areas in the states of Victoria and New South Wales. This paper introduces a simulation platform called WUI-NITY that can assist evacuation planners and decision-makers in forecasting evacuation behavior and better preparing for future bushfire events.
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Javier Gonzalez-Villa, Arturo Cuesta, Marco Spagnolo, Marisa Zanotti, Luke Summers, Alexander Elms, Anay Dhaya, Karel Jedlicka, Jan Martolos, Deniz Cetinkaya
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive Decision Support System developed for security planning and protection of critical infrastructures in urban environments, which can be integrated with legacy systems in Smart Cities. The system includes evacuation strategies, threat assessment of terrorist attacks, and information on traffic network status, aiming to provide decision support for public or private security operators.
IMAGE ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING, ICIAP 2022 WORKSHOPS, PT II
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Arturo Cuesta, Daniel Alvear, Antonio Carnevale, Francine Amon
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the influence of gender on individual risk perception and attitudes towards disaster preparedness among EU citizens. The results showed that females had higher overall risk ratings for all hazards, but there were no significant differences in attitudes towards preparedness between genders. Additionally, there were variations in risk perception and preparedness attitudes among females of different age and education levels.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhi Ding, Xiao Zhang, Shao-Heng He, Yong-Jie Qi, Cun-Gang Lin
Summary: This study investigates the longitudinal behavior of a shield tunnel by designing and constructing a reduced-size indoor model. The results show that the longitudinal settlement of the tunnel follows a normal distribution, with the maximum settlement occurring at the central ring and increasing linearly with the applied load. Stress concentration typically occurs on the side of the tunnel waist under surcharge, resulting in transverse elliptical deformation of the entire structure.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Lucia Lopez-de-Abajo, Marcos G. Alberti, Jaime C. Galvez
Summary: Assessing and predicting concrete damage is crucial for infrastructure management. This study quantifies gas concentrations in urban tunnels to achieve this goal.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chao He, Yinghao Cai, Chenqiang Pu, Shunhua Zhou, Honggui Di, Xiaohui Zhang
Summary: This paper investigates the impact of river channel excavation on adjacent metro tunnels and proposes protective measures based on an engineering project in Fuzhou, China. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed to calculate the displacements and distortion of tunnels under different excavation sequences and soil reinforcement measures. Real-time monitoring confirms that the vertical displacements and diametrical distortion of tunnels are primarily caused by the excavation of the river above the tunnels, while horizontal displacements are induced by the excavation next to the tunnels. The study recommends a combination of cement slurry with a portal form and concrete with a plate form for soil reinforcement and tunnel protection.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yaosheng Liu, Ang Li, Feng Dai, Ruochen Jiang, Yi Liu, Rui Chen
Summary: In this study, a hybrid model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) and meta-heuristic algorithms was developed to improve blast performance during tunnel excavation. Precise prediction of post-blasting indicators was important for optimization, and a comparison of meta-heuristic algorithms was conducted to find the most suitable model. The results showed that the developed model effectively reduces overbreak areas and quantitatively analyzes the influence of geological conditions.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xiang Shen, Yifan Chen, Liqiang Cao, Xiangsheng Chen, Yanbin Fu, Chengyu Hong
Summary: In this paper, a machine learning-based method for predicting the slurry pressure in shield tunnel construction is proposed. By considering the influence of fault fracture zones and setting the formation influence coefficient, the accuracy of the prediction is significantly improved.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shuying Wang, Zihao Zhou, Xiangcou Zheng, Jiazheng Zhong, Tengyue Zheng, Changhao Qi
Summary: A real-time assessment and monitoring approach based on laser scanning technology and point cloud data analysis was proposed to address the hysteresis in assessing the workability of conditioned soils and the inefficiency in estimating the soil volume flow rate in tunnelling practice. The approach was successfully applied in identifying the workability of conditioned soil and its discharge rate in the EPB shield tunnelling project.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Peng Jiang, Benchao Liu, Yuting Tang, Zhengyu Liu, Yonghao Pang
Summary: This study introduces a novel deep learning-based electrical method that jointly inverses resistivity and chargeability to estimate water-bearing structures and water volume. Compared with traditional linear inversion methods, the proposed method demonstrates superiority in locating and delineating anomalous bodies, reducing solution multiplicity.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Haoyu Mao, Nuwen Xu, Zhong Zhou, Chun Sha, Peiwei Xiao, Biao Li
Summary: The study focuses on the delineation of rock mass damage zones and stability analysis of underground powerhouse in Lianghekou hydropower station. ESG monitoring system is used to monitor the inner micro-fracture activity of surrounding rock mass in real-time. Engineering analogy method is adopted to forecast the deformation period of surrounding rock mass and analyze the variation characteristics of seismic source parameters. The research results provide references for similar deep underground excavation engineering in terms of design and construction.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Junling Qiu, Dedi Liu, Kai Zhao, Jinxing Lai, Xiuling Wang, Zhichao Wang, Tong Liu
Summary: This study focuses on the construction surface cracks of large cross-section tunnels in loess strata of China. The mechanism of surface crack formation is analyzed, and factors such as settlement deformation, construction scheme, and surrounding soil environment are identified as the main contributors. Numerical simulations were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of factors on surface cracks in loess tunnel construction. Specific measures for prevention and treatment of construction surface cracks are proposed to provide new ideas for surface crack control in loess tunnels.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ting Shang, Jiaxin Lu, Ying Luo, Song Wang, Zhengyu He, Aobo Wang
Summary: The study reveals significant variations in car-following behavior across different types of tunnels and consecutive sections of the same tunnel. As tunnel length increases, the driving stability of following vehicles decreases, but the level of driving safety risk is not positively correlated with tunnel length. Significant vehicle trajectory oscillation is observed within the inner sections of long and extra-long tunnels, and a significant relationship between the acceleration of following vehicles and the location within the tunnel section is found.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Rusi Zeng, Zhongwei Shen, Jun Luo
Summary: The urban underground complexes (UUCs) in China have been effective in solving urban problems, but users have expressed dissatisfaction with the internal physical environment. Personal characteristics and environmental factors play significant roles in determining users' satisfaction.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gabriel Lehmann, Heiko Kaeling, Sebastian Hoch, Kurosch Thuro
Summary: Analysing and predicting the advance rate of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) in hard rock is important for tunnelling projects. This study focuses on small-diameter TBMs and their unique characteristics, such as insufficient geotechnical information and special machine designs. A database of 37 projects with 70 geotechnically homogeneous areas is compiled to investigate the performance of small-diameter TBMs. The analysis shows that segment lining TBMs have higher penetration rates, and new approaches for the penetration prediction of pipe jacking machines in hard rock are proposed.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ting Ren, Ming Qiao, Jon Roberts, Jennifer Hines, Yang-Wai Chow, Wei Zong, Adrian Sugden, Mark Shepherd, Matthew Farrelly, Gareth Kennedy, Faisal Hai, Willy Susilo
Summary: Long-term exposure to coal and silica dust during underground tunnelling operations is a growing concern. To bridge the gap between knowledge in dust exposure monitoring and frontline workers, a virtual reality educational tool was developed to visualize ventilation and dust flow characteristics. This tool allows workers to better understand decision-making and best practices for dust controls.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dong Lin, Zhipeng Zhou, Miaocheng Weng, Wout Broere, Jianqiang Cui
Summary: Metro systems play a vital role in the transportation, economic, environmental and social aspects of cities. The uncertainties in construction, passenger comfort and safety, as well as efficiency and reliability of the metro system, have been widely studied. Metro systems influence urban development and have a positive impact on housing prices, public health, and environmental quality. Further research is needed to fill the research gaps and make recommendations for future studies.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Wei Yu, Bo Wang, Xin Zi, Jie Dong
Summary: In this study, a whole-process analytical theory for the coupled deformation of deep circular tunnel surrounding rock and prestressed yielding anchor bolt (cable) system is derived and validated through numerical simulations. The results show that anchor bolts (cables) can significantly reduce the convergence of surrounding rock, and factors such as support timing and anchor cable length have important effects on the support effectiveness.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)