Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ellie Pavlick
Summary: Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements in artificial intelligence. This article explores the potential of LLMs as models for human language understanding. Rather than focusing solely on performance, the article suggests that empirical research on the representations and algorithms used by LLMs is crucial in determining their relevance. Counterarguments to common criticisms, such as the lack of symbolic structure and grounding, are presented, indicating that it is premature to dismiss LLMs' ability to provide insights on human language representation and understanding.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Huaquan Ying, Hui Zhou, Amir Degani, Rafael Sacks
Summary: Accurate internal and external attributes of BIM objects are crucial for engineering analyses, but are often inaccurate or missing in most BIM models. This study introduces a two-stage ray tracing algorithm to automatically identify external BIM objects with efficiency.
COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Melissa Lamar, Wassim Tarraf, Benson Wu, Krista M. Perreira, Richard B. Lipton, Tasneem Khambaty, Jianwen Cai, Maria M. Llabre, Linda C. Gallo, Martha L. Daviglus, Hector M. Gonzalez
Summary: Bilingualism may delay behavioral manifestations of adverse cognitive aging. Higher proficiency and use of the second language (English) were associated with higher global cognition, fluency, and Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) scores at follow-up. The bilingual experience was more consistently related to 7-year level versus change in cognition for Hispanics/Latinos.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Giuseppe Sartori, Graziella Orru
Summary: Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in reasoning and problem-solving tasks in cognitive psychology. Their accuracy is on par with average neurotypical adults, challenging criticisms of associative models. Modern LLMs revive associationist principles, enabling complex reasoning through long-distance associations. Though limitations exist in areas like causal cognition and planning, phenomena like emergence suggest potential for growth. Providing examples and expanding the network dimensions improve LLM abilities, similar to facilitation effects in human cognition. Analysis of LLMs errors provides insights into human cognitive biases. Overall, LLMs represent a promising development for understanding intelligence and reasoning from an associationist perspective.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Social Issues
Jeong Seop Hwang, Jae Jeung Rho, Yoon Min Hwang
Summary: E-vehicles have the potential to replace the existing internal-combustion-engine-based transportation ecosystem and be a transformative technology with a significant social impact. The recognition of this potential appears to be a major driver for people considering switching to e-vehicles; however, the process of social diffusion and the relevant critical mass points are still unclear.
TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Business
Wei Wu, Sihang Wang, Guanqi Ding, Jinfei Mo
Summary: With the rise of social commerce, this study explores how trust is developed between consumers and sellers in a social commerce setting, using a cognitive-emotional trust perspective. The study identifies perceived familiarity, situational normality, cognitive and emotional trust in the platform, and social interactivity as key factors influencing consumers' trust in sellers. Two data sets collected from popular social commerce platforms in China were used to examine the model. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of consumer's social shopping intention and provide practical implications for building consumer trust in the social commerce setting.
JOURNAL OF RETAILING AND CONSUMER SERVICES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Abdullah Goek, Roseline Antai, Nikola Milosevic, Wesam Al-Nabki
Summary: Social innovation refers to technological and non-technological new products, services or models that meet social needs and foster new social relationships or collaborations. The European Social Innovation Database (ESID) was created to address the lack of reliable and comprehensive data in social science research. By collecting unstructured web site text and utilizing advanced machine learning techniques, ESID classifies and characterizes social innovation projects from around the world. Currently, ESID has 11,468 projects from 159 countries, providing freely accessible data and a web-based app.
Article
Education & Educational Research
Louisa Willoughby, Cathy Sell
Summary: This article explores the building and development of social networks in second language learning, focusing on adult learners of Australian Sign Language. The study examines the factors influencing the learners' engagement and investment in L2 learning, and suggests that socioeconomic factors play a significant role. The author argues that tertiary L2 programs may perpetuate privilege and need to address this issue to increase minority representation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND BILINGUALISM
(2022)
Review
Biodiversity Conservation
Travis Seaborn, David Griffith, Andrew Kliskey, Christopher C. Caudill
Summary: Adaptive capacity is a key topic in environmental change research, rooted in social, ecological, and evolutionary science, closely related to the concept of adaptive potential in evolutionary biology. This systematic review summarized the history of these topics, assessed relationships between concepts, methodologies, metrics, taxa biases, and study scales, and provided a conceptual framework to clarify these concepts. Studies have shown a greater growth in research on adaptive potential compared to adaptive capacity, with a wider geographical extent of adaptive capacity studies. Integration of evolutionary and social-ecological components is suggested for models of adaptive capacity.
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Paul Meddeb, Stefan Ruseti, Mihai Dascalu, Simina-Maria Terian, Sebastien Travadel
Summary: The widespread disinformation on the Internet poses a serious challenge to democratic societies, especially when it comes to well-established subjects like climate change. In this study, a novel dataset was created to effectively identify and counteract fake news on climate change. Machine learning models were built and hand-crafted features were used to automatically classify articles, achieving high accuracy.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Anxo Perez, Javier Parapar, Alvaro Barreiro
Summary: Depression is a common mental health illness, and early detection is challenging. This paper proposes a method for automatically estimating the degree of depression in social media users using neural language models to analyze user-generated content. Two methods were designed to estimate the scores of depression rating scales, even with limited training data, and showed promising results.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhisheng Tang, Mayank Kejriwal
Summary: In recent years, transformer-based language representation models (LRMs) have shown impressive performance on natural language understanding tasks. This article investigates LRMs' rational decision-making ability through a set of decision-making benchmarks and experiments. The results suggest that LRMs can mimic "thinking in bets," but their performance is affected by modifications in the question structure. Additionally, LRMs tend to be more rational when selecting outcomes with non-negative expected gain. More research is needed before these models can robustly make rational decisions.
ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Esther Carmen, Ioan Fazey, Helen Ross, Melissa Bedinger, Fiona M. Smith, Katrin Prager, Kerri McClymont, David Morrison
Summary: This article conducts a meta-synthesis of 187 studies to explore the relationship between social capital and resilience, and analyzes its implications for community resilience and climate change practice. The findings suggest that the structural and socio-cultural aspects of social capital, along with various other factors and formal actors, play significant roles in shaping resilience outcomes. However, there is limited focus on the underlying dimensions of social capital and proactive types of resilience.
Article
Geography
David Arnott, David R. Chadwick, Sophie Wynne-Jones, Norman Dandy, David L. Jones
Summary: The study found that traditional farmers and those currently in government schemes display high levels of bonding social capital, which may hinder their ability to adapt to change. In contrast, farmers who support a public goods approach to land management have high bridging and linking social capital and are more likely to work with government officials to adapt to policy change. Sustainable communities are more likely to develop when there is access to government support and advice, as well as encouraged relationships with other community members and stakeholders interested in rural communities, the natural environment, and land management.
JOURNAL OF RURAL STUDIES
(2021)
Article
Management
Maria Kapsali, Steffen Bayer, Sally Brailsford, Timothy Bolt
Summary: The study reveals that System Dynamics (SD) models can influence participants' modes of reasoning in group modelling projects by initiating cognitive transitions. Through a series of surprises or shocks, the models challenge participants' prior conceptions and prompt them to switch between different modes of reasoning during the model-building process.
JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Emil Mallmin, Richard A. Blythe, Martin R. Evans
JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
(2019)
Article
Ecology
Catherine G. Mills, Rosalind J. Allen, Richard A. Blythe
THEORETICAL ECOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Emil Mallmin, Richard A. Blythe, Martin R. Evans
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL
(2019)
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Anthony J. Wood, Richard A. Blythe, Martin R. Evans
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND THEORETICAL
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Liam J. Ruske, Jochen Kursawe, Anestis Tsakiridis, Valerie Wilson, Alexander G. Fletcher, Richard A. Blythe, Linus J. Schumacher
Article
Mechanics
E. Mallmin, Richard A. Blythe, Martin R. Evans
Summary: This study investigates how differences in drift velocities, diffusivities, and sizes of particles in a tube model of volume-excluding spheres affect the steady-state distribution and axial particle current. The model is solvable under certain geometric constraints, leading to a biased current towards the least diffusive particles' velocities due to a ratchet effect. Special cases and exact joint gap distribution for driven tracers in a passive bath are considered, highlighting the significance of the quasi-one-dimensional assumption in making the model solvable.
JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Richard A. Blythe, William Croft
Summary: Researchers introduced a general mathematical model to study how individual-level linguistic behaviors affect population-level language changes. The findings suggest that explanations of language change primarily based on errors in childhood language acquisition are weakly supported by historical data, while explanations allowing speakers to change incrementally throughout their lifespan are more plausible.
Article
Psychology, Experimental
Andres Karjus, Richard A. Blythe, Simon Kirby, Tianyu Wang, Kenny Smith
Summary: Colexification is the phenomenon of multiple meanings sharing one word in a language, with cross-linguistic lexification patterns often predictable. Research shows that speakers prefer to colexify similar concepts, but adjust their preferences to maintain communicative efficiency when faced with the need to distinguish similar meanings. This provides further evidence that languages are shaped by the needs and preferences of their speakers.
Article
Infectious Diseases
R. Isaac, B. Paul, M. Finkel, M. Moorthy, S. Venkateswaran, T. T. Bachmann, H. Pinnock, J. Norrie, S. Ramalingam, S. Minz, S. Hansdak, R. Blythe, M. Keller, J. Muliyil, D. Weller
Summary: In rural India, factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and medical history may influence COVID-19 cases. The virus spreads easily within households, and there is a bidirectional infection trend between patients and household contacts in the community.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
M. J. Metson, M. R. Evans, R. A. Blythe
Summary: We investigate the interplay between persistent motion and a recoil interaction. The recoil interaction is an active contact interaction between particles, generated by the active nature of the constituents. We demonstrate that active particles with recoil interaction can undergo a transition from repulsion to attraction at intermediate persistence lengths, allowing them to change the collective effect of active interactions by varying their persistence length.
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
M. J. Metson, M. R. Evans, R. A. Blythe
Summary: We investigate a model system of persistent random walkers and find that the interparticle distribution functions are governed by an inhomogeneous fourth-order differential equation. The boundary conditions for these distribution functions are not naturally determined but need to be carefully matched to functional forms obtained from the analysis of an underlying discrete process. We find that the distribution functions or their first derivatives are generically discontinuous at the boundaries.
Article
Mechanics
M. J. Metson, M. R. Evans, R. A. Blythe
JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
(2020)
Article
Language & Linguistics
Andres Karjus, Richard A. Blythe, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith
LANGUAGE DYNAMICS AND CHANGE
(2020)
Article
Linguistics
Andres Karjus, Richard A. Blythe, Simon Kirby, Kenny Smith
GLOSSA-A JOURNAL OF GENERAL LINGUISTICS
(2020)
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Anthony J. Wood, Richard A. Blythe, Martin R. Evans
