Mycophenolic acid and intravenous immunoglobulin exert an additive effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the mixed lymphocyte reaction

Background: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has known immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune diseases and transplantation and is commonly used in desensitization protocols and for treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). IVIG inhibits the MLR and induces apoptosis in immune cells. Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits immune cell proliferation and is an effective immunosuppressive agent. Here, we examined the possible synergistic effects of combined MMF and IVIG on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in the MLR. Methods: Two-way MLRs were performed with mycophenolic acid (MPA), IVIG and both in combination. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by H-3-thymidine incorporation and Annexin flow cytometry, respectively. Results: IVIG (1-10 mg/ml) or MPA (0.01-025 mu g/ml) alone inhibited cell proliferation in the MLR in a dose-dependent manner. MPA at 0.01-0.03 mu g/ml showed minimal inhibition, but the addition of 5 and 10 mg/ml IVIG increased inhibition significantly (p<0.05) to 43% and 64%, respectively. Annexin V positive cell number was significantly higher in IVIG (5 mg/ml) treated CD19+ cells (68 +/- 13% vs. 43 +/- 12%, p = 0.001) compared to untreated cells and to a lesser degree in CD3+ cells (29 +/- 7% vs. 25 +/- 10%,p = 0.02). MPA (0.25-10 mu g/ml) alone neither induced nor inhibited apoptosis. Addition of MPA had no effect on apoptosis induced by WIG. Conclusion: 1) Combining low concentrations of WIG (5-10 mg/ml) and MPA (0.01-0.03 mu g/ml) has an additive effect on inhibition of cell proliferation in the MLR. 2) MPA alone neither induces nor inhibits apoptosis in T or B cells in the MLR, and has no effect on apoptosis induced by IVIG. These in vitro observations may have implications for modification of therapeutic approaches to protocols utilizing IVIG for desensitization and immune modulation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.