Article
Biology
Yuanxiao Gao, Hye Jin Park, Arne Traulsen, Yuriy Pichugin
Summary: The article discusses the emergence of irreversible somatic differentiation in complex animals, as well as the differences in cell differentiation and separation of reproductive tasks between primitive species and complex animals. The study found that costly cell differentiation, vegetative cells that can significantly improve organism performance even in small numbers, and large enough organism size are necessary components for the evolution of irreversible somatic differentiation.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
John H. Selby, David Schmid, Elie Wolfe, Ana Belen Sainz, Ravi Kunjwal, Robert W. Spekkens
Summary: Incompatible measurements are often seen as a characteristic of quantum theory that distinguishes it from classical worldviews. However, a more general notion of classicality is the existence of a generalized-noncontextual ontological model. This notion can imply constraints on the representation of outcomes even within a single nonprojective measurement. We demonstrate that measurement incompatibility is not necessary nor sufficient for proofs of the failure of generalized noncontextuality, and that every proof of the failure of generalized noncontextuality can be converted into a corresponding scenario without incompatible measurements.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2023)
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Costantino Budroni, Adan Cabello, Otfried Guehne, Matthias Kleinmann, Jan-Ake Larsson
Summary: This article introduces the Kochen-Specker theorem, a central result in the foundations of quantum mechanics, and its conflict with classical models. It reviews several proofs of the theorem and different notions of contextuality, and discusses the connections between contextuality and nonlocality or graph theory. Finally, it reviews the applications of contextuality in quantum information processing.
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Robert Raussendorf, Cihan Okay, Michael Zurel, Polina Feldmann
Summary: Professor Cai discusses a series of quasiprobability functions related to quantum error correction, measurement-based quantum computation, symmetry protected topological order, and contextuality. He explores the properties of Gross's Wigner function in odd dimensions and the nonexistence of Clifford-covariant Wigner functions in even dimensions.
Article
Ecology
Matthew Andres Moreno, Charles Ofria
Summary: Evolutionary transitions involving fraternal and egalitarian cooperation have played significant roles in shaping natural history, with studies on self-replicating computer programs revealing the importance of kin recognition in facilitating communication and cooperation within groups. The observed group-level traits of fraternal transitions include reproductive division of labor, resource sharing, offspring investment, asymmetrical behaviors mediated by messaging, morphological patterning, and adaptive apoptosis.
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2022)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Mladen Pavicic
Summary: This study presents a general method for generating non-Kochen-Specker hypergraphs and provides examples in high-dimensional spaces. The automated generation approach is able to meet the size and structure requirements.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Anna L. C. Wood, Kathryn R. Kirby, Carol R. Ember, Stella Silbert, Sam Passmore, Hideo Daikoku, John McBride, Forrestine Paulay, Michael J. Flory, John Szinger, Gideon D'Arcangelo, Karen Kohn Bradley, Marco Guarino, Maisa Atayeva, Jesse Rifkin, Violet Baron, Miriam El Hajli, Martin Szinger, Patrick E. Savage
Summary: Standardized cross-cultural databases of the arts are crucial for a balanced scientific understanding of performing arts and their role in society. The Global Jukebox serves as a resource for comparative and cross-cultural study, providing an extensive and detailed database that enhances our understanding of cultural diversity.
Article
Microbiology
Philip J. L. Bell
Summary: The viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis proposes that eukaryotes did not evolve from a last universal common ancestor, but emerged as a superorganism consisting of viruses, bacteria, and archaea.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Ecology
Anya E. Vostinar, Katherine G. Skocelas, Alexander Lalejini, Luis Zaman
Summary: Symbiosis, the living together of unlike organisms as symbionts, is common in nature, occurring across all scales of life. Studying the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of symbiosis poses challenges due to long time scales, limited experimental control, weak resolution in quantifying interactions, and idiosyncrasies of model systems. Digital evolution, however, offers opportunities with perfect data tracking, experimental manipulations, and the ability to observe thousands of generations in minutes, making it a key technique in studying symbioses.
FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Karol Horodecki, Jingfang Zhou, Maciej Stankiewicz, Roberto Salazar, Pawel Horodecki, Robert Raussendorf, Ryszard Horodecki, Ravishankar Ramanathan, Emily Tyhurst
Summary: Quantum contextuality, a recognized resource in quantum communication and computing, is quantified by the rank of contextuality (RC), representing the minimum number of non-contextual behaviors required to simulate a contextual behavior. The logarithm of RC serves as a natural contextuality measure, satisfying properties like faithfulness, monotonicity, and additivity under tensor product. Examples demonstrate the connection between this quantifier and the arboricity of an underlying hypergraph, highlighting its relevance in various research areas.
NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Martti Karvonen
Summary: The resource theory of contextuality does not allow for catalysts, which also applies to nonlocality; furthermore, even though entanglement can be transformed using catalysts, it behaves differently from nonlocality as a resource.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Joshua Bongard, Michael Levin
Summary: The applicability of computational models to the biological world is being debated, with the suggestion to adopt an observer-dependent view rather than strict boundaries between categories. Living systems are polycomputing, simultaneously performing multiple functions in the same place, which challenges prediction and control. Understanding and harnessing polycomputing can have significant impacts on fields like regenerative medicine, robotics, and computer engineering.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Stephanie Fong, Bjorn Rogell, Mirjam Amcoff, Alexander Kotrschal, Wouter van der Bijl, Severine D. Buechel, Niclas Kolm
Summary: Experimental evidence from artificial selection in guppies supports the mosaic brain evolution hypothesis, suggesting that different brain regions can evolve independently, potentially playing a crucial role in cognitive evolution.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Marco Alberto Javarone
Summary: Complex systems study natural and societal phenomena, involving emergent behaviors, interaction patterns, and resource requirements. This review examines methods for studying complexity across various topics, revealing interesting relationships between complexity and distance in different systems, from phase transitions to black hole evolution. Implications and examples beyond Physics further support the validity of these relationships.
Article
Biology
Tianjiao Qu, Peter Calabrese, Pratik Singhavi, John Tower
Summary: This study introduces three models regarding molecular replicators and antagonistic pleiotropy, using computer simulations to analyze the proliferation of a two-subunit replicator and the impact of B's stability on the system.
