Article
Food Science & Technology
Irene Falco, Juan A. Tudela, Natalia Hernandez, Alba Perez-Cataluna, Miriam R. Garcia, Pilar Truchado, Agustin Garrido, Ana Allende, Gloria Sanchez, Maria Isabel Gil
Summary: This study evaluates the disinfection efficacy of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and peracetic acid on human enteric viruses in produce process water. The results showed that chlorine and chlorine dioxide can effectively inactivate bacteria and coliphages, but had limited efficacy against hepatitis A virus. Peracetic acid was unable to completely inactivate viruses in any type of water. Therefore, it is important to select the most effective sanitizer and ensure sufficient concentration and contact time to prevent viral cross-contamination during washing operations.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Geletu Qing, Zahra Anari, Mojtaba Abolhassani, Shelby L. Foster, Marty Matlock, Greg Thoma, Lauren F. Greenlee
Summary: This study investigated the electrochemical methods for removing ammonia and disinfecting wastewater in aquaculture systems. The results showed that ammonia removal can be achieved through indirect oxidation, with removal rate depending on NaCl concentration and current density. Experiments in both synthetic and real aquaculture wastewater demonstrated similar results, with the flow reactor showing longer removal times due to differences in hydrodynamic mixing.
AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Manuel Koeckinger, Paul Hanselmann, Dominique M. Roberge, Piero Geotti-Bianchini, C. Oliver Kappe, David Cantillo
Summary: This study presents a general and scalable procedure for the anodic decarboxylative acetoxylation of amino acids, applied to the derivatization of various amino acids for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Transfer of the process from batch to a continuous flow cell significantly increased the reaction efficiency. The electrochemical approach has a significant positive effect on the greenness of the process.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ryan Cheswick, Andreas Nocker, Graeme Moore, Bruce Jefferson, Peter Jarvis
Summary: This study installed a pilot scale chlorine contact tank with flexible baffling at a water treatment plant and used flow cytometry for direct microbial monitoring. The influence of disinfection variables on efficacy were explored through tracer testing. The study highlights the importance of well-designed and operated chlorine contact tanks, and the potential of flow cytometry for improved process control.
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Yee Man Loh, Rui Gao, Chi Fai Cheung, Yanning Chen, Xin Li, Xuguang Li, James Kit Hon Tsoi, Chunjin Wang
Summary: Nowadays, there is a high demand for dental zirconia crowns, but the available mass polishing methods are limited. To address this issue, a novel method called magnetic field-assisted batch polishing (MABP) is proposed. A series of experiments are conducted to evaluate the polishing performance of samples polished by MABP and manual methods. The results show that MABP is an effective method for mass polishing of dental zirconia crowns, achieving a minimum surface roughness of 3 nm after 10 minutes.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Robotics
Ziqiang Chi, Qingsong Xu, Nana Ai, Wei Ge
Summary: This article introduces a new automated robotic system for batch microinjection of zebrafish larvae. The larvae are immobilized using a specially designed agarose supporting base, and injection targets are accurately identified using a machine vision scheme based on deep learning. Experimental results demonstrate that the robotic system provides higher injection success rate, better stability, and better performance than existing microinjection approaches.
IEEE ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Canming Yuan, Wen Nie, Qihang Li, Jiabo Geng, Bibo Dai, Jiewang Gao
Summary: In this paper, a method for automatic batch identification of rock deformation areas is proposed. The method involves image cropping, adaptive threshold segmentation, region growth segmentation, global threshold segmentation, and image morphology processing to accurately identify the rock deformation areas. Validation using 359 rock sample images showed an average relative error of 10.88% and 8.60% in the X and Y directions, respectively. The results also revealed the impact of water content, initial crack length, and initial fracture inclination on the compressive strength of rock.
FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ji Wu, Shi Cheng, Yuan-Zhi Duan, Shan-Qi Shen, Bi-Cun Jiang, Yan Li, Peng Shi, Wen-Tao Li, Quan-Xing Zhang, Ai-Min Li
Summary: UV/chlorine treatment enhances the kinetics and efficacy of cell membrane or DNA damage to B. subtilis compared to UV irradiation or chlorination alone. The in-situ generation of radical species HO center dot and Cl center dot around intracellular DNA might contribute to these enhancements. The study provides surrogate indicators for determining the minimal chlorine dose for effective inactivation of bacteria during UV/chlorine treatment by using CTFAC values and decreasing UVA254 levels.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Mathematics
Xinming Song, Xiaoli Wang, Min Ma
Summary: Measurement of flow is crucial for ensuring product quality, increasing manufacturing effectiveness, and promoting the development of science and technology. This study presents a piston-type flow standard device calibration system with a high degree of automation, high calibration efficiency, small size, and easy operation, which can efficiently, accurately, and conveniently perform water meter calibration.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Lihua Zhu, Qifan Yun, Zhiqiang Wu, Cheire Cheng
Summary: This paper presents an automatic batch calibration method for a set of IMUs, which has been validated through experimental tests and compared with traditional calibration methods, showing improved efficiency and reduced errors.
CMC-COMPUTERS MATERIALS & CONTINUA
(2022)
Article
Biology
Guang Li, Ren Togo, Takahiro Ogawa, Miki Haseyama
Summary: In this study, a novel high-accuracy COVID-19 detection method using CXR images was designed, considering the unique features of COVID-19 and the similar features between COVID-19 and other pneumonia. The method consists of self-supervised learning-based pretraining and batch knowledge ensembling-based fine-tuning, which can improve detection performance. The proposed method exhibited promising COVID-19 detection performance on public datasets and can reduce the workloads of healthcare providers.
COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Fernanda S. C. Soares, Rubia E. C. R. Rodrigues, Carla M. Bossu, Marcio S. Soares, Sidney X. dos Santos, Gabriel O. Uebe, Alex A. Silva
Summary: This work describes the development of an automatic titrometric method in flow-batch with potentiometric detection using alternative and easily accessible materials. The use of solenoid valves controlled by microcontrollers proved to be efficient for controlling the flow in FBA systems and showed good accuracy in comparison with classic potentiometric titration methods.
Article
Thermodynamics
F. Z. Sierra-Espinosa, S. Amjad, F. Carrillo, J. Soria, C. Atkinson
Summary: The study investigated heat transfer and momentum transfer due to water flow in a cylinder-stirred reactor of square cross section, revealing a fluid motion resembling Taylor-Couette vortex under different Reynolds numbers. The results suggest enhanced mixing performance in this reactor compared to other types of reactors.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
D. Torres, Y. Jiang, D. A. Sanchez Monsalve, G. A. Leeke
Summary: The study investigated the pyrolysis of urban chlorine-containing polyolefinic plastic waste with retention of HCl through the use of different chemical removers and adsorbents. The highest chlorine retention was achieved with a zeolite used in the hot filter, resulting in waxier pyrolytic oils with a higher degree of branching.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Eran Friedler, Diana F. Chavez, Yuval Alfiya, Yael Gilboa, Amit Gross
Summary: This study investigated the reuse of greywater (GW) and found that total suspended solids (TSS) and 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) have a negative impact on disinfection efficiency during the treatment process. Multiple linear regression models were established to predict the FC inactivation by chlorination or UV irradiation. The models were validated and showed a high level of variability in the measured FC inactivation.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Stefani I. E. Andrade, Roberto K. H. Galvao, Mario C. U. Araujo, Sillas Hadjiloucas
Summary: Real-time observation of water and oil diffusion dynamics using video images, accurate localization of the liquid front achieved through Savitzky-Golay derivative filtering. System identification shows that a fractional-order model with only two parameters can describe the diffusion process dynamics. This method opens the way for video-based cellulose filter paper microfluidics and lateral flow assays, which are cost-effective and have broad diagnostic applications.
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Elainy Virginia dos Santos Pereira, David Douglas de Sousa Fernandes, Mario Cesar Ugulino de Araujo, Paulo Henrique Goncalves Dias Diniz, Maria Ines Sucupira Maciel
Summary: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using a miniaturized NIR spectrophotometer in conjunction with the iSPA-PLS-DA method for on-site authentication of goat milk, ultimately proving the high accuracy and cost-effectiveness of this approach in identifying raw goat milk.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Valber Elias de Almeida, David Douglas de Sousa Fernandes, Paulo Henrique Goncalves Dias Diniz, Adriano de Araujo Gomes, Germano Veras, Roberto Kawakami Harrop Galvao, Mario Cesar Ugulino Araujo
Summary: This paper introduces a new algorithm, PCA-DP-LDA, for solving classification problems of food data using PCA and LDA. Compared with conventional methods, PCA-DP-LDA achieves more parsimonious and interpretable results, with similar or better classification performance.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Railson de Oliveira Ramos, David Douglas de Sousa Fernandes, Valber Elias de Almeida, Paulo Henrique Gonsalves Dias Diniz, Wilton Silva Lopes, Valderi Duarte Leite, Mario Cesar Ugulino de Araujo
Summary: Monitoring the levels of total suspended solids (TSS) and settleable solids (SetS) in wastewater is crucial for maintaining water quality parameters. Traditional reference methods for determining TSS and SetS are time-consuming and expensive. To address this issue, researchers developed SWAMVA, a new analytical instrument equipped with a machine vision-based automatic sampler and software for real-time digital movie capture. SWAMVA significantly reduced the analysis volume and time while providing accurate and precise results.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ellen Souza de Almeida Duarte, Valber Elias de Almeida, Gean Bezerra da Costa, Mario Cesar Ugulino de Araujo, Germano Veras, Paulo Henrique Goncalves Dias Diniz, David Douglas de Sousa Fernandes
Summary: The study showed that NIR spectroscopy and CACHAS can be used to determine the cassava starch content in wheat flour, with NIR spectroscopy being more suitable for definitive quantitative and qualitative analysis, while CACHAS can only provide an alternative preliminary analysis.
Article
Marine & Freshwater Biology
Maria Virginia da Conceicao Albuquerque, Railson de Oliveira Ramos, Valderi Duarte Leite, Jose Tavares de Sousa, Mario Cesar Ugulino de Araujo, Beatriz Susana Ovruski de Ceballos, Wilton Silva Lopes
Summary: Computational molecular modeling, mass spectrometry and in-vivo tests were used to investigate the liposolubility and ecotoxicity of MC-LR degradation byproducts in Fenton process. One of the byproducts was found to be more fat-soluble and more toxic compared to the original substance.
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Anabel S. Lourenco, Tassio A. Nunes, Amanda C. Silva, Williame F. Ribeiro, Mario C. U. Araujo
Summary: In this study, a square wave voltammetric method was developed for simultaneous determination of tryptamine and histamine in wine using a carbon paste electrode modified with nickel phthalocyanine. The proposed sensor showed high selectivity and accuracy, providing recovery values within a range of 82.65-103.02% for the analyzed biogenic amines.
FOOD ANALYTICAL METHODS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Eduardo A. Lima, Francisco A. S. Cunha, Maria J. Oliveira, Wellington S. Lyra, Mario M. S. Junior, Josue C. C. Santos, Sergio L. C. Ferreira, Mario C. U. Araujo, Luciano F. Almeida
Summary: This study developed a fast and sensitive method for the determination of inorganic antimony in grape juice samples. The method allows for quick sample pretreatment and analysis, and provides accurate and reliable results. The method is environmentally friendly and efficient for handling and analyzing a large number of samples.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Fernanda S. Soares, Raissa T. E. Ramalho, Amanda C. Silva, Mario C. U. Araujo
Summary: A sensitive, simple, fast, and inexpensive method for determining diuron in water using square wave voltammetry and a glassy carbon electrode is presented. This method was developed to evaluate diuron contamination in river waters close to sugarcane cultivation, located in the metropolitan region of Joao Pessoa, in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. The results showed that the proposed method has a linear response ranging from 38.5-115.0 nmol L-1 (r(2) = 0.993), a LOD equal to 0.2 nmol L-1, and recovery rates from 88.0 to 108.0%. The method does not require any previous chemical treatment of the sample, contributing to green analytical chemistry.
Article
Environmental Sciences
R. O. Ramos, W. S. Lopes, Y. H. D. M. Luna, M. V. da C. Albuquerque, V. D. Leite, J. T. de Sousa, M. C. U. Araujo
Summary: This study aimed to explain the differences in kinetic between reuse water disinfection processes using UV-C radiation and OH center dot radicals through molecular pathways. The results showed that the Fenton reaction was significantly more effective in inactivating thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) compared to H2O2/UV-C or direct UV-C. This superiority was attributed to the powerful action of OH center dot in disassembling the molecular structure of E. coli cell wall and inducing the collapse of the entire cell structure, as demonstrated through molecular mechanisms. Under optimized conditions, treatment with an anaerobic hybrid reactor, intermittent sand filter, and Fenton process achieved high removal rates for TOC, turbidity, and TTC, making the final effluent suitable for direct potable reuse.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Denise M. Nobrega, Anabel S. Lourenco, David Douglas S. Fernandes, Wellington S. Lyra, Edilene D. T. Moreira, Paulo Henrique G. D. Diniz, Mario C. U. Araujo
Summary: This paper introduces a voltammetric method for determining the coumarin content in guaco leaves, and verifies the reliability of this method. The results show that this method is consistent with high-performance liquid chromatography.
JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Juliana da Cruz Souza, Sofacles F. C. Soares, Lauro Cassio M. de Paula, Clarimar J. Coelho, Mario Cesar Ugulino de Araujo, Edvan Cirino da Silva
Summary: This paper introduces a bat-inspired algorithm for variable selection in linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The algorithm simulates the echolocation behavior of bats when searching for prey and uses a cost function associated with the average risk of misclassification in LDA. The results show that the algorithm performs similarly to genetic algorithm (GA-LDA) and successive projection algorithm (SPA-LDA) in classifying coffee and vegetable oil samples, and outperforms them in classifying ovarian cancer samples.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Rossana O. Nobrega, Suelly F. da Silva, David D. S. Fernandes, Welligton S. Lyra, Taynna K. L. de Araujo, Paulo H. G. D. Diniz, Mario C. U. Araujo
Summary: In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate classification tools were used to develop methods for authenticating and checking the compliance of decaffeinated instant coffees, as well as discriminating between regular instant coffees according to the roasting degree. The combination of these techniques proved to be valuable and fast for checking the quality of instant coffees.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Kelly D. Silva, Stefani I. E. Andrade, Marcelo B. Lima, Severino S. Monte-Filho, Mario C. U. Araujo, Ricardo A. C. Lima
Summary: In this study, xiquexique cactus was used for the synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots, which were then used for the determination of tannins in teas. The proposed method was fast, low-cost, and eco-friendly, and showed no significant difference compared to the reference method.
JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Railson O. Ramos, Maria V. C. Albuquerque, Suelly F. da Silva, Wellington S. Lyra, Mario Cesar U. Araujo, Jose T. de Sousa, Valderi D. Leite, Wilton S. Lopes
Summary: This article presents a detailed study on the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of profenofos by HO center dot radicals. The oxidation reaction showed different behaviors in acidic and basic environments. Various oxidation by-products and reaction intermediates were identified, and the main mechanisms involved in the mineralization process were analyzed.
DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Qian Wu, Li Tian, Xiangyu Shan, Huiling Li, Chao Li, Juan Lu
Summary: A novel ECL sensor was developed by modifying Fe3CuO4-Ru(bpy)3+ and GO-CdS@ZnS on the electrode for the detection of permethrin. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and a wide detection range.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tingting Gong, Lei Liao, Bingying Jiang, Ruo Yuan, Yun Xiang
Summary: In this study, a fluorescent biosensing system for high sensitivity detection of MT was established using a new Ag+-stabilized DNA triplex probe (Ag+-SDTP) combined with catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and CRISPR/Cas12a signal enhancements. The sensing method is able to selectively detect MT from other non-specific molecules and can achieve low level detection of MT in diluted human serums, demonstrating its potential for monitoring disease-specific MT biomarker at trace levels.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Estrella Sanz Rodriguez, Kyra Wood, Paul R. Haddad, Brett Paull
Summary: This study presents a simple, rapid, and reliable method for determining boron in aqueous solutions using suppressed ion chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The method achieved a low limit of detection and demonstrated excellent analytical performance.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Aline Cournut, Paul Moustiez, Yannick Coffinier, Christine Enjalbal, Claudia Bich
Summary: Alzheimer's disease is a major cause of senile dementia and is characterized by the aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain. The A beta 1-42 peptide is considered the primary cause of neurotoxicity due to its insolubility and subsequent aggregation. A beta 1-42 and A beta 1-40 have been identified as relevant biomarkers for AD diagnosis, and SurfaceAssisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SALDI-MS) was used to monitor the A beta 1-42/A beta 1-40 ratio without prior sample treatment.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Dotse Selali Chormey, Buse Tugba Zaman, Tulay Borahan Kustanto, Sezin Erarpat Bodur, Suleyman Bodur, Elif Ozturk Er, Sezgin Bakirdere
Summary: This review provides an overview of the harmful effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on human health and introduces the methods for analyzing EDCs. Recent research has focused on using green chemicals, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), for microextraction to ensure environmental safety.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yan Zhang, Renfeng Xu, Jingjing Wu, Zhenghong Zhang, Yuhuang Wang, Hongqin Yang, Sheng Zhang
Summary: This study visualized the pore-like structures in prostate cancer cell membranes after treatment with the anticancer drug paclitaxel, demonstrating its mechanism of action related to oxidative damage.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Chihong Ma, Qin Zhou, Jinjin Shi, Hua Gao, Di Huang, Huimin Xue, Han Wang, Zhenzhong Zhang, Sen Yang, Junli Zhang, Kaixiang Zhang
Summary: We developed a CRISPR-empowered electrochemical biosensor, named PER-E-CRISPR, for amplification-free and sensitive detection of miR-21. The biosensor combines the advantages of CRISPR/Cas13a and primer exchange reaction (PER) for target amplification. Under optimized conditions, the PER-E-CRISPR assay exhibits a linear range from 10-13 to 10-7 M and a limit of detection of 30.2 fM. The biosensor shows excellent performance in actual plasma, indicating promising prospects for miRNA detection in molecular diagnosis.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Gang Liang, Jie Zhao, Yufei Gao, Tao Xie, Jianhui Zhen, Ligang Pan, Wenwen Gong
Summary: Molecular docking (MD) analysis is widely used for studying the interaction between aptamers and small molecules. This study established steady-state aptamers of tertiary structures (SATS) using specific aptamers of tetracycline antibiotics as docking models. Molecular docking results revealed multiple binding sites in the SATS of aptamers, with significant variations in binding free energy (BFE) and docking score (DS). The study also proposed a method for MD analysis based on SATS, providing insights into binding mode and predicting binding sites.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yixuan Xu, Changchang Teng, Huiping Dang, Dalong Yin, Lifeng Yan
Summary: Stable organic radical molecules with high NIR fluorescence quantum efficiency have been synthesized and encapsulated into nanoparticles, which show great potential for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumors.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yu Su, Dandan Yang, Yanjie Wang, Jie Ding, Lan Ding, Daqian Song
Summary: In this study, a highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer Cu-MIPs@CS was designed and synthesized for bisphenol A (BPA). Cu-MIPs@CS showed significantly enhanced imprinting factor and selective factor towards BPA compared to MIPs@CS. It also exhibited superior discrimination ability between BPA and its structural analogue. Additionally, Cu-MIPs@CS were successfully applied as a solid phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of BPA in drinking water samples.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yi Qiao, Qiongdan Zhang, Yukun He, Tianguang Cheng, Jing Tu
Summary: Single cell heterogeneity plays an important role in many biological phenomena, and distinguishing cells with specific mutations is beneficial for clinical diagnosis and drug screening. This study introduces a gel plate platform that can distinguish cell types based on their phenotypes, with low equipment requirement. The gel platform has potential in point-of-care circumstances and single-cell stimulation responses that prioritize efficiency and simplicity.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Chengke Wang, Shuyang Sun, Ping Wang, Huawei Zhao, Wenling Li
Summary: The food safety of aquatic products is a global concern. Nanotechnology-based analyses have advantages in the detection of bacteria, metal ions, and small molecule contaminants. This review summarizes the recent advances in biosensing strategies for aquatic products and highlights the application of nanomaterials, lateral flow-based biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, microfluidic chips, and molecular imprinting technologies.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Liping Zhu, Zeng Tang, Xuemei Zhang, Li Zhu, Tian Meng, Linying Yu, Ting Xiao, Shasha Lu, Xiaoli Xiong, Xiurong Yang
Summary: A sensitive off-on electrochemiluminescence DNA sensor was developed using Exo III-assisted cascade amplification system. The sensor achieved high selectivity and ultra-high sensitivity in detecting target DNA by utilizing ECL and SPR effects. This study provides a new perspective for designing highly sensitive and programmable ECL biosensors.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tong Li, Mengxu Sun, Suping Xia, Ting Huang, Rong-Tian Li, Chunrong Li, Zong Dai, Jin-Xiang Chen, Jun Chen, Nuan Jia
Summary: Here, we developed a binary system based on DNA tetrahedron and fluorogenic RNA aptamers for highly specific and label-free mRNA imaging in living cells. This system achieved high specificity label-free detection of nucleic acids with a detection limit of 1.34 nM. The method has potential applications in early disease diagnosis and new drug development.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yao Zhao, Shu Zhang, Wang Yao, Yuxuan Zhu, Jing Qian, Juan Yang, Nianjun Yang
Summary: A new hierarchical nanostructured composite with high conductivity and catalytic activity is synthesized. The sensor exhibits significant catalytic effect and high sensitivity for monitoring the environmental endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA).
