Ghrelin's role on gastrointestinal tract cancer

Ghrelin is a recently identified 28-amino-acid peptide, with pituitary growth hormone releasing activities in humans and other mammals. In mammals, ghrelin plays a variety of roles, including influence on food intake, gastric motility, and acid secretion of the gastrointestinal tract. It is mainly secreted from the stomach mucosa, but it is also expressed widely in other tissues - in normal and malignant conditions - and, therefore, ghrelin may exert such variable endocrine and paracrine effects, as autocrine and/or paracrine function in cancer. Ghrelin's actions are mediated via its receptor, known as growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), type 1a and 1b. Several endocrine and non-endocrine cancers, such as gastro-entero-pancreatic carcinoids, colorectal neoplasms, pituitary adenomas, pulmonary and thyroid tumours, as well as lung, breast, and pancreatic carcinomas express ghrelin at both mRNA and protein levels. In the current review, we summarise the available so far data with regard to: (a) the structure of the ghrelin molecule and its receptor; (b) its tissue contribution in physiologic and neoplasmatic conditions; and (c) ghrelin's possible role in carcinogenesis; specifically, in the area of gastrointestinal tract cancer. The aim of the present study is to determine whether or not ghrelin promotes the proliferation rate of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tumours. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.