Review
Chemistry, Physical
Sunil Suresh, David J. Rokke, Amandine A. Drew, Essam Alruqobah, Rakesh Agrawal, Alexander R. Uhl
Summary: This article reviews the extrinsic doping concepts for CIGSSe-type absorbers fabricated by ink-based deposition routes, compares the performance of select high-efficiency ink-based devices, and offers an outlook for future process development. It suggests that the mechanisms of ink-based absorbers are fundamentally different from vacuum-based processes and require further investigation.
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yi-Cheng Lin, Chong-Lun Wang, Yu-Jen Hung
Summary: In this study, Na+ and K+ were incorporated into the CuInGa metal precursor layer using a CuGa-NaF-KF target via sputtering. The effects of Na/K ratio and preparation method on the material properties and photovoltaic performance of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) absorber layers were examined. It was found that an Na/K ratio of 1.13 resulted in optimal device efficiency. Addition of Na+ improved crystal quality and prevented Ga sinking, while K+ reduced defect formation and improved energy gap matching. Excessive Na/K ratio led to alkali selenide grain precipitation, increasing current leakage and decreasing device performance. CuGa-NaF-KF samples showed enhanced minority carrier transmission and preferred crystal growth orientation (112), achieving the highest device efficiency of 12.83% compared to CuGa-NaF and conventional methods.
MATERIALS SCIENCE IN SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xiaoyu Wu, Xing Chen, Huayu Wu, Bin Xie, Denggui Wang, Rui Wang, Xiuyun Zhang, Yuanzhe Piao, Guowang Diao, Ming Chen
Summary: By utilizing dual-wall hollow carbon spheres (DWHCS) structure and chemisorption strategy with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), this study successfully improved the cycling performance of sodium-selenium and potassium-selenium batteries, achieving outstanding cycling stability for both systems.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Fengping Xiao, Xuming Yang, Tianhao Yao, Hongkang Wang, Andrey L. Rogach
Summary: A nitrogen and oxygen codoped flower-like porous carbon host derived from a Ni-based metal-organic framework (MOF) was used for selenium storage, increasing the carbon host's polarity and restricting selenium diffusion. This optimized composite showed excellent electrochemical performance as a cathode for sodium-selenium batteries.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ara Cho, Shahara Banu, Soomin Song, Donghyeop Shin, Inchan Hwang, Inyoung Jeong, Young -Joo Eo, Seung Kyu Ahn, Kihwan Kim
Summary: Large-scale synthesis of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS) thin films was achieved using a hybrid ink method. The use of Se@Ag2Se core-shell allowed for the formation of ACIGS thin films at lower reaction temperature and shorter reaction time. Sb-doping improved the performance of ACIGS solar cells, increasing the conversion efficiency and carrier concentration.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Huan Tian, Hongxin Liu, Xiao Sun, Chengwei Zhang, Puguang Ji
Summary: In this study, a novel type of K-Se capacitors was developed using Se confined in N-doped meso-porous carbon opal (Se@NMCO) as the anode and activated carbon (AC) as the cathode based on the K-Se electrochemical reaction mechanism. These capacitors achieved high energy and power density (127 Wh kg-1 and 11523 W kg-1) with a super-long lifespan (maintaining up to 10,000 cycles with a capacity retention of 91% at 2 A g-1). The excellent performance can be attributed to the hierarchically porous structure of Se@NMCO and the opal nanostructure, which enhance mass transport and K-storage performance, respectively. This innovative design provides a new avenue for developing super long-life devices based on the K-Se reaction mechanism. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Cunlu Dong, Hao Sun, Yao Zhou, Haijuan Zhan, Gang Wang, Wanyi Liu, Shuxian Bi, Baojun Ma
Summary: By partially substituting the catalyst, the catalytic effect of CO2 hydrogenation to methane reaction can be improved, resulting in higher CO2 conversion rate and methane selectivity.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zihao Liao, Chenxi Li, Zhu Shu, Jun Zhou, Tiantian Li, Wenbing Wang, Zhengliang Zhao, Lina Xu, Lulu Shi, Lingling Feng
Summary: This study achieved integrated modification of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) by enhancing crystallinity and multi-element doping, leading to the facile synthesis of KeNa co-doped crystalline PCN with improved photocatalytic activity. The enhanced visible light absorption and reduced recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in the K-Na-CCN resulted in superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity compared to other PCN materials. The co-doping of K+ and Na+ in the crystalline carbon nitride framework was crucial for this improvement, highlighting the importance of microstructure optimization in crystalline PCN.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yun-Hai Zhao, Qian-Qian Gao, Sheng-Jie Yuan, Qian-Qian Chang, Ting Liang, Zheng-Hua Su, Hong-Li Ma, Shuo Chen, Guang-Xing Liang, Ping Fan, Xiang-Hua Zhang, Si-Xin Wu
Summary: The study introduced KF for in-suit K doping to promote crystallization and passivate deep-level defects, resulting in improved efficiency of the CIGSSe solar cells. K doping improved crystal quality, reduced defect density, and enabled the CIGSSe solar cells to achieve higher champion efficiency.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Dongdong Zhao, Liubin Wang, Mande Qiu, Ning Zhang
Summary: A simple strategy to improve the cycling stability of the selenium cathode by embedding amorphous selenium into nitrogen/oxygen-doped defective carbon matrix was reported. The designed Se@NOPCC cathode showed remarkable reversible capacity and long cycling life, with the ability to suppress shuttle effect and dissolution issues. This work offers new possibilities for stable Na-Se batteries and encourages further research on the combination of energy application and biomass materials.
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Optics
Zhaojing Hu, Yunxiang Zhang, Shuping Lin, Shiqing Cheng, Zhichao He, Chaojie Wang, Zhiqiang Zhou, Fangfang Liu, Yun Sun, Wei Liu
Summary: Different Ag treatment processes were employed to enhance the quality of CIGS thin films deposited at low temperatures, demonstrating improvements in crystallinity and device efficiency due to Ag precursor and surface treatment. The former had a more significant impact, with a reduction in Urbach energy observed with Ag doping. This study aims to provide a feasible Ag-doping process for high-quality CIGS films in low-temperature deposition processes.
CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Feiyi Zhou, Rongjun Zhang, Hongwei Li, Junpeng Liu, Yu Wu, Sam Toan, Zhao Sun
Summary: Through experimental study on Ga-doped Ga2O3/Cu/Al2O3 aerogels, it is found that 20GaCuAl exhibits the best performance, achieving 100% methanol conversion with no CO production. Ga doping facilitates the formation of smaller Cu crystalline size, improving the catalyst's affinity to CO and inhibiting CO formation. The aerogel materials have larger specific surface area and porosity, promoting the homogeneous distribution of active sites, enhanced diffusion of reactant molecules, and suppression of sintering and agglomeration.
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jakapan Chantana, Bobur Ergashev, Yu Kawano, Takashi Minemoto
Summary: By optimizing the conduction band minimum difference and the total band alignment between different layers, the photovoltaic performance of CIGSSe solar cells can be improved.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sung-Tae Kim, Vishwa Bhatt, Ye-Chan Kim, Ho-Jung Jeong, Ju-Hyung Yun, Jae-Hyung Jang
Summary: The study demonstrates that Na diffusion can enhance the performance of CIGSe thin-film solar cells by promoting the growth of MoSe2 layer at CIGSe/Mo interface and improving junction properties, leading to an increased photo-conversion efficiency.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Shasha Hao, Shaotang Yu, Xinge Liu, Bingyan Li, Shuaiqi Han, Hao Xin, Weibo Yan, Wei Huang
Summary: This study uses water as a solvent to prepare the precursor solution for CIGS solar cells and enhances the efficiency of the cells through K doping. The experimental results show that K doping can improve the quality and grain size of CIGS films, inhibit the loss of Ga element, and further improve the performance of the solar cells.
ADVANCED ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Stephan Dottermusch, Raphael Schmager, Efthymios Klampaftis, Stefan Paetel, Oliver Kiowski, Kaining Ding, Bryce S. Richards, Ulrich W. Paetzold
PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS
(2019)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Roberto Felix, Wolfram Witte, Dimitrios Hariskos, Stefan Paetel, Michael Powalla, Mickael Lozac'h, Shigenori Ueda, Masatomo Sumiya, Hideki Yoshikawa, Keisuke Kobayashi, Wanli Yang, Regan G. Wilks, Marcus Baer
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A-APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2019)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Curtis Walkons, Mohsen Jahandardoost, Theresa M. Friedlmeier, Wolfram Hempel, Stefan Paetel, Marco Nardone, Benedikt Ursprung, Edward S. Barnard, Kyoung E. Kweon, Vincenzo Lordi, Shubhra Bansal
Summary: The study demonstrates significant effects of Na and RbF alkali treatment on the performance of CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 solar cells, with low-Na devices exhibiting higher bandgaps and steady-state carrier densities, and devices with RbF post-deposition treatment showing improvements in net doping density and efficiency. Both heat- and light-soaking processes result in changes in Na and oxygen concentrations in CIGS, while the atomic concentration profiles in CIGS stabilize significantly with the addition of RbF-PDT.
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wolfram Witte, Wolfram Hempel, Stefan Paetel, Richard Menner, Dimitrios Hariskos
Summary: Sputtered InxSy on CIGS with RbF treatment can achieve good solar cell efficiency in an all-dry process, while controlling the deposition temperature and post-annealing steps of InxSy are key for improving efficiency.
ECS JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wolfram Witte, Wolfram Hempel, Stefan Paetel, Richard Menner, Dimitrios Hariskos
Summary: This study explores the use of gallium oxide as a substitute material in the buffer or HR layers of CIGS thin-film solar cells and investigates its impact on device performance. Through a series of experiments and treatment methods, the efficiency of the cells was successfully improved.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Thomas Feeney, Ihteaz M. Hossain, Saba Gharibzadeh, Fabrizio Gota, Roja Singh, Paul Fassl, Adrian Mertens, Ahmed Farag, Jan-Philipp Becker, Stefan Paetel, Erik Ahlswede, Ulrich W. Paetzold
Summary: This article presents a method to improve the efficiency of 4T perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells, achieving a PCE of 27.3% through systematic optimization of the top semi-transparent PSC. Improvements in light management through the optimization of anti-reflection coatings and the development of transparent conductive oxides that incur very low parasitic absorption are crucial for maximizing efficiency.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jake Wands, Ana Kanevce, Alexandra Bothwell, Michael F. Miller, Stefan Paetel, Aaron R. Arehart, Angus Rockett
Summary: Rubidium fluoride postdeposition treatment has been shown to improve the performance of CIGS photovoltaic devices. The treatment decreases the energy of bandtails and increases the minority carrier lifetime, leading to an improved open-circuit voltage.
IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Rico Gutzler, Wolfram Witte, Ana Kanevce, Dimitrios Hariskos, Stefan Paetel
Summary: Large sets of experimental data are crucial for evaluating statistical device performance and identifying underlying trends. This study presents a standardized and optimized inline fabrication process and applies statistical analysis to tens of thousands of chalcopyrite-type Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 cells. The abundance of samples allows for highlighting the benefits of Ag alloying in the absorber and its relationship with compositional and optoelectronic properties. The impact of chemical composition on solar cell parameters emphasizes the importance of fill factor on overall cell performance. Additionally, the study demonstrates that increasing the amount of Cu and/or Ag can reduce losses in open-circuit voltage due to radiative losses.
PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Thomas Paul Weiss, Omar Ramirez, Stefan Paetel, Wolfram Witte, Jiro Nishinaga, Thomas Feurer, Susanne Siebentritt
Summary: Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells achieve power conversion efficiencies exceeding 23%. However, the fill factor of these cells is relatively low due to diode factors greater than 1, mainly caused by metastable defects in the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 alloy. Excitation-dependent photoluminescence measurements reveal that the increased diode factor can be well explained by the model of metastable defects. Optically measured diode factors impose a lower limit on the electrical diode factor of finished solar cells. Ag alloying provides a pathway to increase fill factors and efficiencies for Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based solar cells.
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Tim Helder, Ana Kanevce, Andreas Bauer, Mario Zinsser, Stefan Paetel, Theresa Magorian Friedlmeier, Michael Powalla
Summary: This study performed DLTS measurements on CIGS solar cells from an inline co-evaporation system, focusing on the effect of RbF-PDT on defects in the CIGS absorber layer. Different traps were identified and their properties were calculated. The results were verified using different evaluation methods, showing a significant reduction in density of a minority trap after the alkali treatment, while a majority trap remained unaffected.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Stephanie Essig, Stefan Paetel, Theresa Magorian Friedlmeier, Michael Powalla
Summary: Partially substituting Cu by Ag in Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 thin-film solar cells is strategically interesting for achieving smooth devices with high conversion efficiencies. However, challenges such as the formation of deep crevices and voids, as well as the distortion of desired bandgap grading due to Ag content variations, need to be addressed for industrial exploitation. Successful optimization of the deposition process conditions can lead to the fabrication of smooth (Ag,Cu)(Ga,In)Se-2 films with cell efficiencies up to 20.5%.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-MATERIALS
(2021)
Proceedings Paper
Energy & Fuels
Curtis Walkons, Theresa M. Friedlmeier, Stefan Paetel, Wolfram Hempel, Marco Nardone, Edward Barnard, Kyoung E. Kweon, Vincenzo Lordi, Shubhra Bansal
2020 47TH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE (PVSC)
(2020)
Proceedings Paper
Energy & Fuels
Marco Nardone, Curtis Walkons, Stefan Paetel, Theresa M. Friedlmeier, Kyoung E. Kweon, Vincenzo Lordi, Shubhra Bansal
2020 47TH IEEE PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIALISTS CONFERENCE (PVSC)
(2020)
Article
Physics, Applied
Ana Kanevce, Stefan Paetel, Dimitrios Hariskos, Theresa Magorian Friedlmeier
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Moritz Schultes, Tim Helder, Erik Ahlswede, Meltem F. Aygueler, Philip Jackson, Stefan Paetel, Jonas A. Schwenzer, Ihteaz M. Hossain, Ulrich W. Paetzold, Michael Powalla
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
(2019)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shahriyar Safat Dipta, Md Habibur Rahaman, Walia Binte Tarique, Ashraful Hossain Howlader, Ayush Pratik, John A. Stride, Ashraf Uddin
Summary: Implementing a double-sided passivation approach can enhance the performance of n-i-p structured PSCs and improve the stability and photovoltaic properties of the cells.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Daniel Ourinson, Andreas Brand, Andreas Lorenz, Marwan Dhamrin, Sebastian Tepner, Michael Linse, Nathalie Goettlicher, Kosuke Tsuji, Jonas D. Huyeng, Florian Clement
Summary: This work presents two approaches to reduce the amount of silver on the rear side of M2-sized industrial iTOPCon solar cells. The Cu-based approach shows promise with similar power conversion efficiency compared to the conventional approach, while the Al-based approach exhibits some limitations but demonstrates the potential of such type of contact for iTOPCon solar cells.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Abasifreke Ebong, Donald Intal, Sandra Huneycutt, Thad Druffel, Ruvini Dharmadasa, Kevin Elmer, Apolo Nambo
Summary: This study demonstrates the successful metallization of a PERC silicon solar cell using screen-printable copper (Cu) paste. The Cu paste contains antioxidant additives and diffusion inhibitors to prevent oxidation and diffusion of Cu. The Cu-printed cells achieved an efficiency of 19% and showed no Cu diffusion after characterization tests. The long-term stability and effectiveness of the Cu diffusion barrier were also confirmed.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Senami Zogbo, Wilfried Favre, Olivier Bonino, Marie-Estelle Gueunier-Farret
Summary: Measuring specific contact resistivity (pc) is crucial for interface engineering in high efficiency solar cells. The Transfer Length Method (TLM) is commonly used for evaluating layer sheet resistance (Rsheet) and pc, but it is not suitable for metal/Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) interface evaluation in silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cells. This study investigates the parameters that restrict current confinement within the TCO, including mid-gap trap density (Dit) at the a-Si:H/c-Si interface and the activation energy (Ea = Ec - EF) variation of a-Si:H contact layers.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jean-Baptiste Charpentier, Philippe Voarino, Julien Gaume
Summary: The phenomenon of ribbon lengthening in PV modules exposed to thermal cycling is not well explained in the literature. In this study, a three layers model is proposed to explain this effect, and the predictions of the model are validated through finite element method simulations and experiments. The results show that the model predictions are consistent with the indirect measurements, but not with the direct measurements. Additionally, it is inferred that the encapsulant plays a role after the solder failure.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Jean-Baptiste Charpentier, Philippe Voarino, Julien Gaume
Summary: This study investigates the problematic ribbon lengthening observed in PV modules exposed to high amplitude thermal cycling. A simplified system model is proposed and accurate predictions are obtained using the Finite Element Method. The results show that the thickness of the encapsulant has a substantial impact on the lengthening of the ribbons.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
S. Catalan-Gomez, E. Martinez Castellano, M. Schwarz, M. Montes Bajo, L. Dorado Vargas, A. Gonzalo, A. Redondo-Cubero, A. Gallego Carro, A. Hierro, J. M. Ulloa
Summary: This study investigates the use of core-shell gallium nanoparticles as functional light scatterers on solar cells. By optimizing the nanoparticle size, the short-circuit current of the solar cells is significantly improved. The underlying physical mechanism is studied through optical measurements and simulations, and a method to reduce the plasmonic effect of the nanoparticles is demonstrated.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
M. Gamel, G. Lopez, A. M. Medrano, A. Jimenez, A. Datas, M. Garin, I. Martin
Summary: In this study, a highly reflective ohmic contact to p-type c-Ge material is demonstrated, which can improve the efficiency of thermophotovoltaic devices. The experimental results show that this contact can simultaneously meet the requirements of good back surface passivation, low electrical resistivity, and high reflectivity. Moreover, simulations suggest that implementing these back contacts has the potential to achieve conversion efficiencies comparable to high-efficiency c-Ge TPV cells.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hongyang Wei, Qing Xu, Dongchu Chen, Min Chen, Menglei Chang, Xiufang Ye
Summary: This study prepared solar selective absorption films based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) photonic crystals using a unique electrodeposition method. The Co-Ag electrodeposited film exhibited superior solar selective absorption properties and thermal stability.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Ankit Kumar, Ankit Chauhan, Jordi Llobet, Helder Fonseca, Patricia C. Sousa, Carlos Calaza, Gil Shalev
Summary: This study found that decorating subwavelength arrays with SiO2 quasi-nanolenses (qNL arrays) can enhance the absorption of the solar spectrum. Optical absorption mechanisms in qNL arrays were investigated using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), revealing that the enhancement is a result of the combination of effective antireflection coating, increased optical interactions between adjacent dielectrics for elevated light trapping, and strong light concentration due to the presence of qNLs.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
S. Pingel, T. Wenzel, N. Goettlicher, M. Linse, L. Folcarelli, J. Schube, S. Hoffmann, S. Tepner, Y. C. Lau, J. Huyeng, A. Lorenz, F. Clement
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential to reduce silver consumption in highly efficient SHJ cells through fine-line screen printing using low temperature paste with various screens. The results show that using finer mesh allows for narrower grid fingers and lower resistance, leading to improved cell efficiency. Simulation results indicate that module wire configuration is crucial for reducing silver consumption.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Xibo He, Jun Qiu, Wei Wang, Yicheng Hou, Yong Shuai
Summary: This paper proposes a novel phase change material with high thermal conductivity and stability for fast photo-thermal conversion and storage. The experimental results demonstrate excellent durability and stability of the phase change material, with good performance in thermal conductivity and thermal storage efficiency.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Qingyuan Liu, Lin Wang, Zheng Liu, Guohua Liu
Summary: A new evaporating structure consisting of liquid marble with tunable nanowire array is proposed to enhance solar evaporation. The experiments show that the liquid marble with nanowire array exhibits outstanding evaporation performance, which has significant implications for seawater desalination or wastewater treatment.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Hao Liu, Qiming Liu, Jinpei Liu, Yonggang Zhao, Yingjie Yu, Yue An, Ganghui Wei, Yanzheng Li, Yujun Fu, Junshuai Li, Deyan He
Summary: Moisture in the air is identified as the main cause of performance degradation in organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells. Exposure to air leads to the growth of thin oxide layer on the interface and the formation of silver sulfide, increasing the series resistance and decreasing the fill factor, thus degrading the cell performance.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)
Article
Energy & Fuels
E. Blanco, P. Martin, M. Dominguez, P. Fernandez-Palacios, I. Lombardero, C. Sanchez-Perez, I. Garcia, C. Algora, M. Gabas
Summary: This study addresses the lack of optical parameters for p-type Ge wafers by determining the complex refractive indices of commercial Ge wafers with varying doping levels. The obtained data successfully reproduces the critical points associated with interband transitions and absorption features below the bandgap. The refractive indices were validated through experimental measurements and solar cell simulations.
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS
(2024)