期刊
SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE
卷 8, 期 5, 页码 499-508出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss020
关键词
gene-environment interaction; differential susceptibility; delay discounting; DRD4; childhood socioeconomic status; impulsivity
资金
- National Institutes of Health [PO1 HL040962, RO1 HL065137]
- National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education and Research Training grant [DGE-0549352]
- University of Pittsburgh Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition
- NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE [R01HL065137, P01HL040962] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
Inconsistent or null findings among studies associating behaviors on the externalizing spectrum-addictions, impulsivity, risk-taking, novelty-seeking traits-with presence of the 7-repeat allele of a common length polymorphism in the gene encoding the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) may stem from individuals' variable exposures to prominent environmental moderators (gene x environment interaction). Here, we report that relative preference for immediate, smaller rewards over larger rewards delayed in time (delay discounting), a behavioral endophenotype of impulsive decision-making, varied by interaction of DRD4 genotype with childhood socioeconomic status (SES) among 546 mid-life community volunteers. Independent of age, sex, adulthood SES and IQ, participants who were both raised in families of distinctly low SES (low parental education and occupational grade) and carried the DRD4 7-repeat allele discounted future rewards more steeply than like-reared counterparts of alternate DRD4 genotype. In the absence of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, however, participants carrying the 7-repeat allele discounted future rewards less steeply. This bidirectional association of DRD4 genotype with temporal discounting, conditioned by participants' early life circumstances, accords with a recently proposed developmental model of gene x environment interaction ('differential susceptibility') that posits genetically modulated sensitivity to both adverse and salubrious environmental influences.
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