Article
Neurosciences
Chiara Berteotti, Viviana Lo Martire, Sara Alvente, Stefano Bastianini, Cristiano Bombardi, Gabriele Matteoli, Hiroshi Ohtsu, Jian-Sheng Lin, Alessandro Silvani, Giovanna Zoccoli
Summary: The loss of hypothalamic neurons producing wake-promoting orexin is responsible for narcolepsy type 1. While histamine neurons are increased in NT1 patients, orexin-deficient mice show inconsistent results. However, histamine deficiency does not significantly affect orexin neuron development in mammals.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Milosz Golyszny, Michal Zielinski, Monika Paul-Samojedny, Lukasz Filipczyk, Artur Palasz, Ewa Obuchowicz
Summary: Maternal separation leads to anxiety and depressive behavior, endocrine stress response, and up-regulation of the hypothalamic orexinergic system in adult rats. Escitalopram increases the activity of the hypothalamic orexin system in control rats, but has no effect on the MS group. The disturbed signaling of the orexin pathway may contribute to the harmful long-term consequences of early-life stress.
NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Bryony Braschi, Ruth L. Seal, Susan Tweedie, Tamsin E. M. Jones, Elspeth A. Bruford
Summary: Using approved nomenclature is crucial for effective scientific communication, especially in discussing clinically relevant genes. Failure to use HGNC-approved symbols in publications can lead to confusion between unrelated human genes in the literature. Authors can take steps to ensure they use approved nomenclature and referencing HGNC IDs can help remove ambiguity when referring to genes previously published with confusing alias symbols.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS
(2021)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Julie Durand, Jean-Michel Dogne, Catherine Cohet, Kate Browne, Maria Gordillo-Maranon, Loris Piccolo, Cosimo Zaccaria, Georgy Genov
Summary: Prior to the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines in the European Union, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) implemented activities to enhance vaccine safety monitoring and commissioned observational studies. The EMA successfully identified and minimized the risks of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) and myocarditis/pericarditis associated with the vaccines, thanks to close surveillance and the use of available evidence. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of tools and methods for handling the large volume of safety data generated by the vaccines.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Review
Biology
Xianhui Kang, Hongli Tang, Yao Liu, Yan Yuan, Mi Wang
Summary: Orexin is a neuropeptide primarily synthesized and secreted by the lateral hypothalamus, and plays important roles in various physiological functions such as cardiovascular control, reproduction, stress, reward, addiction, and pain transmission modulation. Both domestic and international studies have confirmed the close association between orexin and its receptors with pain regulation.
OPEN LIFE SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Narong Simakajornboon, Emmanuel Mignot, Kiran Maski, Judith Owens, Carol Rosen, Sally Ibrahim, Fauziya Hassan, Ronald D. Chervin, Gayln Perry, Lee Brooks, Leila Kheirandish-Gozal, David Gozal, Thornton Mason, Althea Robinson, Beth Malow, Kamal Naqvi, Maida L. Chen, Supriya Jambhekar, Ann Halbower, Katharina Graw-Panzer, Ehab Dayyat, Jenny Lew, Cecilia Melendres, Suresh Kotagal, Sejal Jain, Elizabeth Super, Thomas Dye, Md Monir Hossain, Dawit Tadesse
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of pediatric narcolepsy before and after the H1N1 pandemic, and found a significant increase in narcolepsy incidence in the United States after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The study also demonstrated a temporal correlation between H1N1 infection and narcolepsy incidence.
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Chenggui Yao, Fei Xu, Xiangdong Tang, Wei Zou, Dongping Yang, Jianwei Shuai
Summary: The orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are crucial for maintaining wakefulness and regulating sleep stability. A new model combining the classical sleep model and the orexin network showed two distinct effects of orexin: excitation of wake-active neurons and inhibition of sleep-active neurons. This model also revealed the physical mechanisms underlying the frequent transitions observed in narcolepsy and the impact of orexin on the development of narcoleptic sleep disorder.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marina Kniazkina, Vyacheslav Dyachuk
Summary: Sleep-wake cycle disorders are an important symptom of neurological diseases. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of sleep-wake regulation is crucial for brain function and may lead to new treatments for sleep-related diseases. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is involved in the modulation of the sleep-wake cycle in vertebrates.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Caterina Squillacioti, Alessandra Pelagalli, Loredana Assisi, Anna Costagliola, Luc Van Nassauw, Nicola Mirabella, Giovanna Liguori
Summary: The expression and localization of OXB and OX2R were found to be different in the reproductive system of normal and cryptorchid dogs. Additionally, the mRNA expression of related genes was higher in cryptorchid dogs.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Daniela Latorre, Sallusto Federica, Claudio L. A. Bassetti, Ulf Kallweit
Summary: Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Diagnosis and treatment of the disease remain challenging due to its clinical heterogeneity and lack of understanding of its underlying mechanisms. However, significant progress has been made in recent years, opening new perspectives for the field.
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Kosuke Tanioka, Toshiyuki Hirasawa, Mariko Yanagihara, Noboru Takeuchi, Hideaki Nakayama, Akira Usui, Yuichi Inoue
Summary: The study aimed to validate the Japanese versions of the Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale (J-UNS) and Swiss Narcolepsy Scale (J-SNS) for screening narcolepsy in the Japanese population. The results showed that both scales had high reliability and validity in diagnosing narcolepsy in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. It was suggested to use a cut-off score of 18 for J-UNS in the population with excessive daytime sleepiness.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Patron, Daryna Tarasenko, Hendrik Nolte, Lara Kroczek, Mausumi Ghosh, Yohsuke Ohba, Yvonne Lasarzewski, Zeinab Alsadat Ahmadi, Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice, Akinori Eyiama, Tim Kellermann, Elena Rugarli, Ulrich Brandt, Michael Meinecke, Thomas Langer
Summary: Mitochondrial proteases, specifically the m-AAA protease AFG3L2, are regulated by the mitochondrial proton gradient and play a crucial role in reshaping the mitochondrial proteome in response to different energetic demands. TMBIM5, a Ca2+/H+ exchanger in the mitochondrial inner membrane, inhibits the activity of the m-AAA protease and ensures cell survival and respiration. However, persistent hyperpolarization triggers the degradation of TMBIM5 and activation of the m-AAA protease, which facilitates the proteolytic breakdown of respiratory complex I to limit ROS production in hyperpolarized mitochondria.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yoshimasa Koyama
Summary: The loss of orexin/hypocretin results in serious sleep disorder, narcolepsy. Cataplexy is a distinct symptom of narcolepsy, characterized by sudden muscle paralysis triggered by emotional stimuli. The involvement of monoaminergic/cholinergic systems, muscle atonia-generating systems, and emotion-related systems suggests that orexin/hypocretin modulates different components of the cataplexy-inducing circuit. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the neural mechanisms controlling cataplexy and the potential for future experimental strategies in the treatment of this disease.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chijung Hung, Akihiro Yamanaka
Summary: Orexin, a neuropeptide synthesized in the neurons of the lateral hypothalamus, regulates feeding behavior and is crucial for sleep/wakefulness regulation. It sends axons throughout the brain and spinal cord, integrating inputs from various brain regions and projecting to sleep/wakefulness-regulating neurons. Lack of orexin results in sleep fragmentation and cataplexy-like behavior similar to narcolepsy. Recent studies using optogenetics and chemogenetics have emphasized the role of orexin neuron activity in sleep/wakefulness regulation. Recording of orexin neuron activity using electrophysiological methods reveals specific activity patterns across sleep/wakefulness states. Other co-transmitters released from orexin neurons also contribute to sleep/wakefulness regulation.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alain Couvineau, Pascal Nicole, Valerie Gratio, Thierry Voisin
Summary: Orexin neuropeptides and their receptors play crucial roles in wakefulness, food consumption, hormone secretion, and blood pressure regulation. The expression of OX1R in various cancers may have a therapeutic potential by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells.