Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Aditya Yadav, Anuj Sharma, Vishal Baloria, Preetam Singh, Govind Gupta
Summary: This study reports the growth of nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO3) thin film on SiO2 substrate under controlled oxidation conditions for NO sensing. The fabricated sensor demonstrates high selectivity, stability, and faster response/recovery time, with an ultra-high response for 1 ppm NO concentration at 250 degrees C. The ultra-high response is attributed to the high specific surface area and effective gas diffusion ability of the sensor.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Review
Electrochemistry
Doli Bonardo, Ni Luh Wulan Septiani, Fauzan Amri, Estananto, Syahrul Humaidi, Suyatman, Brian Yuliarto
Summary: WO3-based gas sensors have shown great potential in sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility, with the addition of various materials expanding the active state area of the surface and polymers altering the sensor's characteristics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development and modification of WO3 for toxic gas sensor enhancement, discussing sensing mechanisms, future opportunities, and challenges to inspire further research progress.
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
E. Spagnoli, S. Krik, B. Fabbri, M. Valt, M. Ardit, A. Gaiardo, L. Vanzetti, M. Della Ciana, V Cristino, G. Vola, S. Caramori, C. Malagu, V Guidi
Summary: Tungsten oxide nanoflake powders were synthesized using solvothermal technique for ethanol sensing, showing good response to ethanol compared to other alcohols due to an interplay between the catalytic properties of the sensing film and gas diffusivity in a porous medium.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sung Hwan Cho, Jun Min Suh, Beomgyun Jeong, Tae Hyung Lee, Kyoung Soon Choi, Tae Hoon Eom, Taehoon Kim, Ho Won Jang
Summary: In this study, gasochromic H2 sensors based on Pd nanoparticle-decorated amorphous WO3 film were proposed. These sensors exhibited rapid and highly reversible operation, allowing for the visualization of H2 detection through color change of the film and having the fastest recovery time compared to previously reported gasochromic H2 sensors.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Feng-Renn Juang, Wei-Yi Wang
Summary: By controlling the pH value, different nanostructures of tungsten oxide can be synthesized hydrothermally, while decorating porous nickel oxide spheres on the surface of tungsten oxide nanoplates to enhance the sensor's performance. The sensor with p-n-n junction shows high sensitivity to ethanol, fast response and recovery times, and is suitable for ethanol sensing in industrial and medical areas.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tiantian Dai, Zanhong Deng, Meng Li, Shimao Wang, Mengxiao Chen, Gang Meng
Summary: Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based chemiresistors have been widely used for detecting harmful gases due to their small size, low cost, integratability, and ease of use. Power consumption is a critical parameter, and self-heating working mode has attracted significant attention for reducing power consumption.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
M. Tomic, Z. Fohlerova, I. Gracia, E. Figueras, C. Cane, S. Vallejos
Summary: The (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane modified tungsten oxide nanowires sensors exhibit high sensitivity towards ethanol and nitrogen dioxide under UV-irradiation at room temperature. The sensors also show improved selectivity to nitrogen dioxide and ethanol, with approximately 17 and 20 times more sensitivity compared to non-modified sensors. The results are attributed to the reactive amino group facilitating chemical interaction and electron transfer under UV-light excitation.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Q. A. Drmosh
Summary: In this study, double activation structure of Ag NPs/WO2.72/Au NPs thin films has been successfully fabricated, leading to enhanced response to ammonia gas. The response rate of Ag NPs/WO2.72/Au NPs to 100 ppm ammonia was found to be 84%, which is two and seven times higher than that of Ag NPs/WO2.72 and pure WO2.72, respectively.
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Mingxin Zhang, Zhihui Zhao, Bin Hui, Jianhua Sun, Jianxin Sun, Weiliang Tian, Ziqi Zhang, Kewei Zhang, Yanzhi Xia
Summary: This study presents a novel approach to activate hierarchical tungsten oxide (WO3) using marine polysaccharide derived carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) as efficient and stable triethylamine sensor, showing extraordinary sensing characteristics with faster response, lower operating temperature, and more accurate detection limit compared to traditional WO3 sensors. The enhanced adsorption-desorption kinetic of WO3 after introducing CPDs is mainly derived from abundant slit-like channels for gas diffusion, desirable defect features as reactive sites, and favorable 0D-2D interface for charge transfer and transport.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Guanglu Lei, Zishuo Li, Guocai Lu, Jinyuan Hu, Haochuan Shang, Xiaolei Zhang, Xianghong Liu, Jun Zhang, Xiangxin Guo
Summary: Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) thin films, especially tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films, have shown great potential as sensing layers for gas sensor devices. This study focuses on the deposition and annealing process of WO3 thin films on interdigital electrodes, and explores the impact of oxygen vacancies on sensor properties. The results indicate that the WO3 sensor annealed at 500 degrees C exhibits the best performance in detecting triethylamine (TEA), which is attributed to the enhanced adsorption of oxidative oxygen species due to the presence of abundant oxygen vacancies.
JOURNAL OF MATERIOMICS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xuanyu Yang, Yu Deng, Haitao Yang, Yaozu Liao, Xiaowei Cheng, Yidong Zou, Limin Wu, Yonghui Deng
Summary: With the emergence of the Internet of Things, chemiresistive gas sensors have been extensively applied in various fields such as industrial production, food safety, medical diagnosis, and environment detection. The performance of gas sensors has been improved through the tailoring of sensitive materials' structure, functions, defects, and electrical conductivity. Among these sensitive materials, mesoporous semiconductor metal oxides, with tunable pore size, high specific surface area, abundant metal-oxygen bonds, and rapid mass transfer behavior, have been considered as the most promising. This article provides an overview of the synthesis strategies for mesoporous metal oxides, summarizes the classical functionalization techniques of sensitive materials, discusses the structure-function relationship at the molecular-atomic level, and proposes challenges and future perspectives for the development of intelligent gas sensors.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Giacometta Mineo, Kaveh Moulaee, Giovanni Neri, Salvo Mirabella, Elena Bruno
Summary: This article reports the hydrothermal synthesis of WO3 nanorods and their application in NO sensing. The study found that WO3 nanorods have fast response and recovery times, which opens the possibility for the development of fast NO sensors based on WO3.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shrisha, Chang-Mou Wu, Kebena Gebeyehu Motora, Guan-Ying Chen, Dong-Hau Kuo, Noto Susanto Gultom
Summary: Reduced tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO2.72) were synthesized from tungsten trioxide by calcination method and characterized through FESEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD. The developed WO2.72 sensor, fabricated on Si/SiO2 substrate with interdigital electrode, exhibited an excellent sensor response of 27% to H2 gas at room temperature. It also showed outstanding stability, repeatability, and humidity sensitivity, making it a potential candidate for real-time H2 gas monitoring.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL SOLID-STATE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Q. A. Drmosh, N. A. Al-Muhaish, Yousif Ahmed Al Wajih, Mir Waqas Alam, Z. H. Yamani
Summary: The impact of post-annealing treatment on tungsten oxide films was investigated, revealing that sensors prepared with annealing temperature of 700 degrees Celsius exhibit higher sensitivity and faster response and recovery times towards acetone detection.
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Gyuweon Jung, Seongbin Hong, Yujeong Jeong, Wonjun Shin, Jinwoo Park, Donghee Kim, Jong-Ho Lee
Summary: This study presents a low-power, sensitive, selective, reliable, and practical CO gas sensor. The sensor utilizes a floated WO film as a sensing material and modulates the electron concentration to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The proposed sensor shows a higher response and lower fabrication cost.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
G. Zonta, M. Astolfi, D. Casotti, G. Cruciani, B. Fabbri, A. Gaiardo, S. Gherardi, V Guidi, N. Landini, M. Valt, C. Malagu
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Michele Astolfi, Giorgio Rispoli, Gabriele Anania, Veronica Nevoso, Elena Artioli, Nicole Landini, Mascia Benedusi, Elisabetta Melloni, Paola Secchiero, Veronica Tisato, Giulia Zonta, Cesare Malagu
Article
Oncology
Giulia Zonta, Cesare Malagu, Sandro Gherardi, Alessio Giberti, Alessandro Pezzoli, Aldo De Togni, Caterina Palmonari
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Andrea Gaiardo, Giulia Zonta, Sandro Gherardi, Cesare Malagu, Barbara Fabbri, Matteo Valt, Lia Vanzetti, Nicolo Landini, Davide Casotti, Giuseppe Cruciani, Michele Della Ciana, Vincenzo Guidi
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Michele Astolfi, Giorgio Rispoli, Gabriele Anania, Elena Artioli, Veronica Nevoso, Giulia Zonta, Cesare Malagu
Summary: User-friendly, low-cost equipment for preventive screening of severe pathologies using gas sensors have gained increasing attention. In this study, nanostructured chemoresistive metal oxide sensors were used in a prototype to detect volatile organic compounds exhaled by colorectal cancer patients, with promising sensitivity and specificity results achieved.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Michele Astolfi, Giorgio Rispoli, Mascia Benedusi, Giulia Zonta, Nicolo Landini, Giuseppe Valacchi, Cesare Malagu
Summary: The study employed a patented device based on chemoresistive gas sensors to explore the gaseous exhalations of tumor, immortalized, and healthy cell lines, aiming to distinguish their VOC patterns. The results showed that sensors with different oxides could evaluate the cell types and growth, but one sensor exhibited unreliable responses to all cell lines.
Review
Crystallography
Marco Romagnoni, Vincenzo Guidi, Laura Bandiera, Davide De Salvador, Andrea Mazzolari, Francesco Sgarbossa, Mattia Soldani, Alexei Sytov, Melissa Tamisari
Summary: This article reports on the phenomenon of using bent crystals as waveguides and their potential applications in particle accelerators. It discusses the elastic properties of crystal lattice medium, different types of curvature, and the development of machining and characterization technologies.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Michele Astolfi, Giorgio Rispoli, Sandro Gherardi, Giulia Zonta, Cesare Malagu
Summary: Nowadays, the reproducibility and response repeatability assessment of sensors used in medical-diagnostic, environmental monitoring, etc. devices are crucial. Thermo-activated chemoresistive sensors have been widely employed, with (SnTiNb)O-2 nanosensors showing particular suitability in the medical and biological fields. Laboratory testing and statistical analysis of a set of thirteen randomly selected sensors demonstrated their consistency in detecting and discriminating low CO concentrations and high humidity levels with high repeatability.
Article
Crystallography
Nicola Precisvalle, Maura Mancinelli, Matteo Ardit, Giada Beltrami, Lara Gigli, Alfredo Aloise, Enrico Catizzone, Massimo Migliori, Girolamo Giordano, Vincenzo Guidi, Annalisa Martucci
Summary: ZSM-5 zeolite undergoes a polymorphic phase transition from monoclinic to orthorhombic upon heating, which can be influenced by adsorbate molecules. ZSM-5 zeolite has various applications, including catalysis and adsorption, where high thermal stability is required.
Article
Oncology
Michele Astolfi, Giorgio Rispoli, Gabriele Anania, Giulia Zonta, Cesare Malagu
Summary: Given the high prevalence of colorectal cancer worldwide and its lack of specific symptoms, it is crucial to develop and validate low-invasive techniques for its detection. In this study, a device based on nanostructured gas sensors was used to analyze and differentiate the breath of blood samples collected from colorectal cancer patients at different stages of their treatment path. The device successfully distinguished between pre-surgery samples with tumors and post-surgery samples after tumor removal. These findings are promising for the clinical validation and future use of the device in clinical follow-up, patient monitoring, and detection of post-treatment relapses.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Arianna Rossi, Elena Spagnoli, Francesco Tralli, Marco Marzocchi, Vincenzo Guidi, Barbara Fabbri
Summary: This study investigates the capabilities of chemoresistive gas sensors for R-(+)-limonene detection. Experimental evidence identifies a WO3-based sensor as the most promising candidate, with high sensitivity at sub-ppm concentrations, selectivity towards different gases, humidity-independent behavior at low operating temperature, and remarkable cross-selectivity.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Zhifu Feng, Damiano Giubertoni, Alessandro Cian, Matteo Valt, Matteo Ardit, Andrea Pedrielli, Lia Vanzetti, Barbara Fabbri, Vincenzo Guidi, Andrea Gaiardo
Summary: This study successfully fabricated a submicron-size gas sensor hotplate using advanced electron beam lithography, significantly reducing the power consumption. By introducing oxygen vacancies through N-2 calcination, the sensing capabilities of the ZnO nanofilm were optimized, resulting in improved sensing performance for toxic gases.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Michele Astolfi, Giulia Zonta, Sandro Gherardi, Cesare Malagu, Donato Vincenzi, Giorgio Rispoli
Summary: This study introduces a portable device that can quickly calibrate and characterize chemoresistive nanostructured gas sensors in laboratory and field applications. The device has automated features, allowing for precise setting of the sensor's working temperature and recording of its responses to different gases and environments.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Elena Spagnoli, Matteo Valt, Andrea Gaiardo, Barbara Fabbri, Vincenzo Guidi
Summary: The influence of Nb addition in the oxide solid solution of Sn and Ti was investigated for the production of chemoresistive gas sensors. The sensors based on (Sn,Ti,Nb)(x)O-2 showed promising features for ethanol monitoring with low sensitivity to relative humidity. However, there is still a lack of understanding on the gas reaction mechanisms occurring at the surface of these nanostructures.
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Giulia Zonta, Giorgio Rispoli, Cesare Malagu, Michele Astolfi
Summary: The necessity of detecting and recognizing gases is crucial, and gas sensors, especially chemoresistive sensors, have promising applications in fields such as medicine, particularly in the screening and monitoring of tumors.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Mengmeng Guo, Na Luo, Yueling Bai, Zhenggang Xue, Qingmin Hu, Jiaqiang Xu
Summary: A porous heterostructure WO3-C/In2O3 was designed and prepared for a miniature H2 sensor, which showed higher response value, lower operating temperature, fast response-recovery speed, and low limit of detection.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Feng Hu, Hui Hu, Yuting Li, Xiaohui Wang, Xiaowen Shi
Summary: Arsenic contamination in water bodies is a significant health risk. This study developed a chitosan-catechol modified electrode for rapid and accurate detection of trace amounts of arsenic. The modified electrode demonstrated good detection capability and resistance to ionic interference, making it suitable for in situ detection.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yantao Zhang, Qian Liu, Tao Tian, Chunhua Xu, Pengli Yang, Lianju Ma, Yi Hou, Hui Zhou, Yongjun Gan
Summary: In this study, a lysosome-targeting buffering fluorogenic probe (Lyso-BFP) was designed and synthesized, demonstrating excellent photostability, pH specificity, and responsiveness to lysosomal acidification in living cells. The performance of Lyso-BFP in pH sensing was attributed to the inhibition of the photo-induced electron transfer process. Lyso-BFP allowed for wash-free imaging and long-term real-time monitoring of lysosome pH changes based on its off-on fluorescence behavior and buffer strategy.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Wei Cai, Wenbo Sun, Jiayue Wang, Xiaokui Huo, Xudong Cao, Xiangge Tian, Xiaochi Ma, Lei Feng
Summary: In this study, a near-infrared fluorescent probe HCBG was developed for imaging of alpha-GLC. HCBG exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards alpha-GLC in complex bio-samples, and showed good cell permeability for in situ real-time imaging. Through the high-throughput screening system established by HCBG, a natural alpha-GLC inhibitor was successfully isolated and identified. This study provides a novel fluorescence visualization tool for discovering and exploring the biological functions of diabetes-related gut microbiota, and a high-throughput screening approach for alpha-GLC inhibitor.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Trey W. Pittman, Xi Zhang, Chamindie Punyadeera, Charles S. Henry
Summary: Heart failure is a growing epidemic and a significant clinical and public health problem. Researchers have developed a portable and affordable diagnostic device for heart failure that can be used at the point-of-care, providing a valid alternative to current diagnostics approaches.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Anders O. Tjell, Barbara Jud, Roland Schaller-Ammann, Torsten Mayr
Summary: An optical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on catalytic degradation and the detection of produced oxygen is presented. The sensor offers higher resolution and better sensitivity at lower H2O2 concentrations. By removing O2 from the sample solution, a more sensitive O2 sensor can be used for measurement. The sensor has been successfully applied in a flow-through cell to measure H2O2 concentration in different flow rates.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Seong Jae Kim, Ji-hun Jeong, Gaabhin Ryu, Yoon Sick Eom, Sanha Kim
Summary: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a high-sensitivity, label-free detection method with various analytical applications. Researchers have developed a hydrophobic SERS substrate based on engineered carbon nanotube arrays (CNT-SERS) and studied the role of structural design at both micro and nanoscales. The substrate demonstrated controlled self-enrichment capability and enhanced sensitivity, with a significant increase in the SERS signal. The study also proposed a theoretical model and a concentration strategy inspired by plants for analyte deposition on microarrays.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Dan Zhao, Renjun Jiang, Xiaoqiang Liu, Subbiah Alwarappan
Summary: In this study, a novel ternary composite material was constructed by assembling cerium vanadate nanorods on reduced graphene oxide-microcrystalline cellulose nanosheets, and it was used for real-time monitoring of the concentration of superoxide anions in vivo. The ternary composite showed excellent conductivity, large surface area, and abundant active sites, leading to a wider linear range, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and fast response time for superoxide anion detection.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tengfei Wang, Liwen Wang, Guang Wu, Dating Tian
Summary: In this study, a covalent organic framework material TaTp-COF with porous and uniform spheres was successfully prepared via hydrothermal reaction, and it was found to significantly enhance the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of berberine. The unique emission properties of berberine on TaTp-COF were studied and utilized for the sensitive detection of berberine.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Lin Li, Yilei Ding, Lei Xu, Shuoran Chen, Guoliang Dai, Pengju Han, Lixin Lu, Changqing Ye, Yanlin Song
Summary: In this study, a novel TTI based on a ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor is designed, which has the advantages of high accuracy and low cost. Experimental and theoretical investigations confirm its pH responsiveness and demonstrate its good sensitivity and reliability. By monitoring the total volatile basic nitrogen, this TTI can accurately predict food spoilage and can be adaptively modified for different types of food. The TTI based on this nanosensor enables visual monitoring of food quality.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Fangju Chen, Xueting Wang, Wei Chen, Chenwen Shao, Yong Qian
Summary: Lung cancer is the second most common malignant tumor worldwide. Drug resistance in lung cancer leads to treatment failure and recurrence in majority of patients. This study developed a fluorescent prodrug that can be activated in cancer cells to release drugs, and its signal can be tracked by imaging. It shows a unique autophagy-driven ferroptosis effect, indicating its potential for targeting drug-resistant cancer cells.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Weichao Li, Qiming Yuan, Zhangcheng Xia, Xiaoxue Ma, Lifang He, Ling Jin, Xiangfeng Chu, Kui Zhang
Summary: This study developed a high-performance gas sensor for formaldehyde detection by modifying ZnSnO3 with ZnO QDs and SnO2 QDs. The modified sensor showed improved sensing response and lower working temperature. The presence of ZnO QDs formed rich heterojunctions, increased surface area, and provided oxygen deficiency for formaldehyde sensing reaction, thus enhancing the sensor performance. This research provides an alternative method to enhance the sensing properties of MOS by QDs modification.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Joung-Il Moon, Eun Jung Choi, Younju Joung, Jin-Woo Oh, Sang-Woo Joo, Jaebum Choo
Summary: A novel nanoplasmonic substrate was developed for biomedical applications, which showed strong hot spots for detecting biomarkers at low concentrations. The substrate, called AuNPs@M13, was made by immobilizing 60 nm gold nanoparticles onto the surface of an M13 bacteriophage scaffold. It demonstrated higher sensitivity and lower limit of detection compared to commercially available assays.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Ning Li, Ya Zhang, Ying Xu, Xiaofang Liu, Jian Chen, Mei Yang, Changjun Hou, Danqun Huo
Summary: The molecular subtype of breast cancer guides treatment and drug selection. Invasive tests can promote cancer cell metastasis, so the development of high-performance, low-cost diagnostic tools for cancer prognosis is crucial. Liquid biopsy techniques enable noninvasive, real-time, dynamic, multicomponent, quantitative, and long-term observations at the cellular, genetic, and molecular levels. A Cu-Zr metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoenzyme with monatomic Cu attachment has been synthesized and proven to have high catalytic performance. The sensor constructed using this nanoenzyme shows potential for accurate classification of breast cancer serum samples.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Jeongmin Kim, Hyemin Kim, Seunghyun Park, Hyeonaug Hong, Yong Jae Kim, Jiyong Lee, Jaeho Kim, Seung-Woo Cho, Wonhyoung Ryu
Summary: This study presents a method to fabricate independently functioning microneedle (MN) electrodes with narrow intervals for high precision electrochemical sensing. The optimized mixture of photocurable polymer and single-wall carbon nanotubes was used to mold single composite MNs, which were then attached to pre-patterned electrodes. Plasma etching and electropolymerization were performed to enhance the electrochemical activity, and Prussian blue and glucose oxidase were electrodeposited on the MNs for glucose detection. The MN electrodes showed good sensitivity and linearity, and the feasibility of glucose detection was demonstrated in an in vivo mouse study.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2024)
