An Adaptive Response to Uncertainty Generates Positive and Negative Contrast Effects

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Context-dependent decisions among options varying in a single dimension

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Environmental variability can select for optimism or pessimism

(2010) John M. McNamara et al.   ECOLOGY LETTERS

Successive negative contrast in a bird: starlings' behaviour after unpredictable negative changes in food quality

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Incentive contrast in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris).

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Integrating function and mechanism

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