Review
Immunology
Pierre Mora, Candice Chapouly
Summary: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, and there is currently no known cure. Astrogliosis, the reactive proliferation of astrocytes, plays a significant role in regulating the autoimmune response. This review highlights the central role of NOTCH signaling in astrocyte reactivity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Clinical Neurology
Stefano Gelibter, Marco Pisa, Tommaso Croese, Gloria Dalla Costa, Mario Orrico, Paolo Preziosa, Francesca Sangalli, Vittorio Martinelli, Roberto Furlan, Massimo Filippi
Summary: The study aimed to confirm the role of NLR as a marker of neuro-inflammation in patients with newly diagnosed MS and CIS, but found no association between NLR and disease activity or disability. Other markers such as Nfl, CSF-MVs, and CSF IgG indices showed higher levels in patients with brain MRI activity.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Cell Biology
Hayder M. Al-kuraishy, Majid S. Jabir, Ali I. Al-Gareeb, Hebatallah M. Saad, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Daniel J. Klionsky
Summary: This study explores the protective and harmful effects of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Autophagy can prevent the progression of MS by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory disorders, but over-activated autophagy can worsen the neuropathology of MS. Additionally, autophagy can modulate cell proliferation and affect demyelination and remyelination. Overall, autophagy plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of MS.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Simone Patergnani, Massimo Bonora, Selene Ingusci, Maurizio Previati, Saverio Marchi, Silvia Zucchini, Mariasole Perrone, Mariusz R. Wieckowski, Massimiliano Castellazzi, Maura Pugliatti, Carlotta Giorgi, Michele Simonato, Paolo Pinton
Summary: The study found that autophagy and mitophagy are increased in MS patients, with inhibitors of autophagy improving myelination and behavioral signs in experimental models of the disease, suggesting a causal role of autophagy in MS and potential therapeutic benefits of autophagy inhibitors like haloperidol and clozapine.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Xian Jiang, Yifan Song, Jie Fang, Xiaosheng Yang, Shuhua Mu, Jian Zhang
Summary: The study found that Vesatolimod, a toll-like receptor 7 agonist, has significant therapeutic effects on Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. It reduces clinical symptoms, inflammatory cytokine levels, demyelination, and immune cell infiltration in the spinal cords. These findings suggest that Vesatolimod could be a promising treatment for multiple sclerosis.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laura Bellingacci, Andrea Mancini, Lorenzo Gaetani, Alessandro Tozzi, Lucilla Parnetti, Massimiliano Di Filippo
Summary: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is not only a chronic inflammatory disease of white matter, but gray matter pathology and synaptic structures also play crucial roles in MS-related disability. During the course of MS, interaction between the immune system and synaptic structures leads to changes in brain network dynamics.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Hans Lassmann
Summary: Neuropathology plays a crucial role in understanding multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases, helping differentiate different diseases, understanding disease progression and damage mechanisms, and providing important guidance for disease treatment and clinical trials.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Neurosciences
Ye Sun, Haojun Yu, Yangtai Guan
Summary: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes demyelination and neurodegeneration. Research on glial cells has provided insight into the connection between inflammation and neurodegeneration in MS.
NEUROSCIENCE BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Neurosciences
Luana Gilio, Diego Fresegna, Antonietta Gentile, Livia Guadalupi, Krizia Sanna, Francesca De Vito, Sara Balletta, Silvia Caioli, Francesca Romana Rizzo, Alessandra Musella, Ennio Iezzi, Alessandro Moscatelli, Giovanni Galifi, Roberta Fantozzi, Paolo Bellantonio, Roberto Furlan, Annamaria Finardi, Valentina Vanni, Ettore Dolcetti, Antonio Bruno, Fabio Buttari, Georgia Mandolesi, Diego Centonze, Mario Stampanoni Bassi
Summary: Exercise has an immunomodulatory effect in MS patients, reducing levels of proinflammatory cytokines and improving mood disorders. IL-2 plays a causal role in mood disorders and synaptic dysfunction in MS. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of exercise as a disease-modifying therapy in MS.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Martina Kunkl, Carola Amormino, Valentina Tedeschi, Maria Teresa Fiorillo, Loretta Tuosto
Summary: This review summarizes the changes and behavior of astrocytes in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, as well as the contribution of pathogenic T cell subsets and CD8(+) T cells to astrocytic modifications and pathological outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Thomas-Gabriel Schreiner, Tudor-Marcel Genes
Summary: Through independent research and literature review, this study demonstrates the association between obesity and multiple sclerosis, with a focus on the causal relationship between obesity in childhood and adolescence and the development of MS. While research on the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity and MS has made progress, further studies are needed to explain the unknown aspects of this association.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Deepak Kumar Kaushik, Anindita Bhattacharya, Brian Mark Lozinski, V. Wee Yong
Summary: Pericytes play a critical role in mediating inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its models, seeking to restore blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity through increased coverage but facilitating macrophages to enter the central nervous system when exposed to CSPGs, leading to elevated neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2021)
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Melissa Sorosina, Silvia Peroni, Elisabetta Mascia, Silvia Santoro, Ana Maria Osiceanu, Laura Ferre, Ferdinando Clarelli, Antonino Giordano, Miryam Cannizzaro, Filippo Martinelli Boneschi, Massimo Filippi, Federica Esposito
Summary: This study investigated the involvement of ninjurin2 in inflammatory conditions and monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier. The results showed a higher transmigration rate of monocytes from multiple sclerosis patients compared to healthy controls in an activated model of the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, a positive correlation between ninjurin2 expression in monocytes and monocyte migration rate was observed.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nikolina Prtenjaca, Matea Rob, Muhammad S. Alam, Andrea Markovinovic, Cristiana Stuani, Emanuele Buratti, Ivana Munitic
Summary: Deficiency of optineurin protein leads to upregulation of TDP-43 protein expression in microglial cells, and this upregulation is not affected by inflammatory stimuli. This finding is important for understanding the pathogenesis of ALS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rachael Kee, Michelle Naughton, Gavin McDonnell, Owain W. Howell, Denise C. Fitzgerald
Summary: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by demyelination and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. In the later stages of the disease, neurological disability accumulates independently of acute episodes of demyelination, accompanied by compartmentalized inflammation. Meningeal tertiary lymphoid structures may serve as markers of disease activity.