Negative reinforcement via motivational withdrawal is the driving force behind the transition to addiction

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

卷 231, 期 19, 页码 3911-3917

SPRINGER

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Neurosciences Pharmacology & Pharmacy Psychiatry

1. NIAAA NIH HHS [R01 AA008459, P60 AA006420, R01 AA020608] Funding Source: Medline
2. NIDA NIH HHS [R21 DA036691, R01 DA004398] Funding Source: Medline