Article
Polymer Science
Licong Jiang, Ming Gao, Leqin Xiao, Xinlong Wang, Weiliang Zhou
Summary: Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite (MAHP) with polyurea were prepared, and flame retarded polyethylene composites were manufactured. LDPE composites with 17.3 wt% of MAPP and 3.9 wt% of MAHP achieved a LOI value of 27.3% and met the V-0 standard. The PHRR and THR were significantly decreased, and the tensile strength of LDPE/MAPP-MAHP was higher than LDPE/APP-AHP due to good dispersion and compatibility.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Binglin Wang, Jiaxin Li, Xuejun Lai, Hongqiang Li, Yishen Chen, Xingrong Zeng
Summary: A novel N-alkoxyamine containing macromolecular intumescent flame retardant was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate to improve the thermal stability and fire resistance of polypropylene. The results showed a good synergism between RQMIFR and APP, effectively enhancing the flame retardancy of PP.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Zhe Huang, Bo Ruan, Jin Wu, Ning Ma, Tao Jiang, Fang-Chang Tsai
Summary: The study developed flame retardant polypropylene containing micro-envelope core-shell structure flame retardants, which showed improved fire safety and thermal stability. Additionally, polyamide 6 was found to have a better char-forming effect, contributing to the enhanced flame retardant performance.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaolu Wu, Zhaolu Qin, Xiang Zhang, Zhenfei Yu, Wenchao Zhang, Rongjie Yang, Dinghua Li
Summary: A novel composite and functional micro-nanometer particle called surface nanostructured ammonium polyphosphate (NSAPP) is designed by the hydrolysis of aluminium isopropoxide on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). NSAPP exhibits enhanced water resistance and thermostability due to the deposition of nanosized aluminium hydroxide on its surface. The flame retardant performance of polypropylene (PP) is improved by coupling APP and NSAPP with dipentaerythritol (DPER).
Article
Thermodynamics
Zaihang Zheng, Yurou Xia, Chenchen Liao, Yuhang Liu, Boya Dai, Zhenxue Guo, Weihong Chai
Summary: A hydrophobic, beta-cyclodextrin-based and halogen-free flame retardant (MCDPM) with three components in an integrated structure was prepared, aiming to improve dispersion and flame retardancy in polypropylene. The blend of MCDPM in polypropylene showed significantly improved thermal stability and enhanced flame retardancy, passing the UL-94 V-1 ratings. An intumescent flame-retardant mode of action was proposed through systematic analysis of the char residue.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Ruiqing Shen, Yufeng Quan, Zhuoran Zhang, Rong Ma, Qingsheng Wang
Summary: This study incorporates zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8), a type of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), into an intumescent flame retardant (IFR)/polypropylene (PP) composite system to improve flame retardant efficiency and reduce smoke emission. The results demonstrate a synergistic effect between ZIF-8 and IFR additives, leading to the formation of a more stable intumescent char layer and preventing extensive burning of PP. Addition of only 2 wt% ZIF-8 significantly increases the limiting oxygen index value and achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating, while reducing heat release rate and fire spread tendencies. It is suggested that the presence of ZIF-8 inhibits carbonaceous microdomain growth during combustion, enabling the formation of more compact char layers and enhancing flame retardant efficiency.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Junjie Wang, Jinhao Chen, Wenwen Wang, Jing Lu, Yingying Li, Ting Bai, Jiahui Chen, Zongmin Zhu, Dong Wang
Summary: A new boron-containing chitosan-based compound (HBS) was synthesized and used in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin. The modified epoxy composites showed enhanced flame retardant properties, with high LOI value, low heat release rate and smoke production. The addition of HBS and APP also increased the char residue, providing a dense and protective layer on the surface of the epoxy resin.
Article
Polymer Science
Anothai Suwanniroj, Nitinat Suppakarn
Summary: In this study, flame-retardant poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites were developed using a bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. Water hyacinth fiber (WHF) was used as a bio-based carbon source, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as an acid source and blowing agent. The results showed that the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite with a specific WHF to APP ratio and total IFR content exhibited excellent flame retardancy, improved thermal stability, and enhanced mechanical properties.
Article
Polymer Science
Yanlong Sui, Xueyan Dai, Peihong Li, Chunling Zhang
Summary: This study utilized APP@ATNi to prepare a multifunctional IFR system, enhancing the flame retardancy of composites and reducing smoke production and heat release during combustion, providing guidance for the design of bio-sourced flame retardant systems.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Mengjie Cui, Jing Li, Dianbin Qin, Jiakuan Sun, Yi Chen, Jun Xiang, Jun Yan, Haojun Fan
Summary: A novel triazine-based flame retardant TMPD was synthesized and used as a chain extender to prepare flame retardant waterborne polyurethane (FRWPU); The synergistic flame retardant effects of TMPD and APP were investigated by introducing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into the FRWPU; Various tests showed that the combination of TMPD and APP can enhance the flame retardancy of the polyurethane and form a more compact and graphitized char layer.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Thuy Tien Nguyen Thanh, Kata Eniko Decsov, Katalin Bocz, Gyorgy Marosi, Beata Szolnoki
Summary: In this study, ammonium-polyphosphate (APP) was modified by microencapsulation with a sorbitol-based bioepoxy resin shell to create an intumescent flame retardant system with enhanced charring ability for polypropylene (PP). The microencapsulated additive showed improved flame retardant efficiency in PP, achieving excellent fire performance.
PERIODICA POLYTECHNICA-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhenhao Meng, Yang Liu, Song Wang, Ailing Zhang, Sanxi Li
Summary: Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP), and melamine cyanurate (MCA) were used to develop an intumescent flame retardant system (IFRS) for polypropylene (PP). The synergistic flame retardancy of APP, PAPP, and MCA was explored, and the effect of their proportions on the IFRS flame-retardant performance was studied. The best flame retardancy was achieved with a proportion of PAPP, MCA, and APP at 4:1:7.5, and the prepared flame-retardant PP composite (PP-PMA-3) passed UL-94 V-0 rating with a 46.4% decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to PP-0. The PAPP/MCA/APP IFRS also showed good smoke suppression performance with a 65.0% decrease in total smoke production (TSP) compared to PP-0.
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Angika Kushwaha, Kavita Chaudhary, Satendra Singh, C. Prakash
Summary: This research paper explores the application of a flame-retardant finish on Varanasi brocade pineapple fabric, which demonstrates durable flame retardancy. The use of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an intumescent flame-retardant polymer is investigated, along with the optimization of APP solution concentration. The fabric characterization shows that increasing concentrations of APP lead to increased LOI values and the presence of APP on the pineapple fibers' surface. The treated fabric exhibits improved thermal properties, reduced flammability, and no significant impact on colorimetric values after 20 home laundering cycles.
BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Florian Tomiak, Melanie Zitzmann, Dietmar Drummer
Summary: This study investigates a synergistic multi-material flame retardant system integrated into glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6), which includes expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and montmorillonite (MMT). The combination of these materials achieves superior flame-retarding properties, with UL-94 V0 classification and an oxygen index of 32%. The system also exhibits low heat release rates, minimal smoke production, and excellent structural stability of char residue.
Article
Polymer Science
Qilin Wen, Yinghong Chen, Xin Wang, Haoran Pei
Summary: A ternary hydrogen-bonded complex intumescent flame retardant (TH-IFR) was synthesized through hydrothermal reaction, consisting of melamine (ME), phosphoric acid (PA), and pentaerythritol (PER). The combination of TH-IFR with 4A molecular sieve as a synergist was used to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP). The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the PP composites were significantly enhanced by incorporating 1 wt% synergist 4A, which changed the pyrolysis process and promoted char-forming chemical interaction.
