Lecithin Prevents Cortical Cytoskeleton Reorganization in Rat Soleus Muscle Fibers under Short-Term Gravitational Disuse

The aim of this study was to prevent the cortical cytoskeleton reorganization of rat soleus muscle fibers under short-term gravitational disuse. Once a day, we injected the right soleus muscle with 0.5 ml lecithin at a concentration of 200 mg/ml and the left soleus muscle with a diluted solution in an equal volume for 3 days prior to the experiment. To simulate microgravity conditions in rats, an anti-orthostatic suspension was used according to the Ilyin-Novikov method modified by Morey-Holton et al. for 6 hours. The following groups of soleus muscle tissues were examined: C, C+L, HS, and HS+L. The transversal stiffness of rat soleus muscle fibers after 6 hours of suspension did not differ from that of the control group for the corresponding legs; there were no differences between the groups without lecithin C and HS or between the groups with lecithin C+L and HS+L. However, lecithin treatment for three days resulted in an increase in cell stiffness; in the C+L group, cell stiffness was significantly higher by 22.7% (p < 0.05) compared with that of group C. The mRNA content of genes encoding beta-and gamma-actin and beta-tubulin did not significantly differ before and after suspension in the corresponding groups. However, there was a significant increase in the mRNA content of these genes after lecithin treatment: the beta-actin and gamma-actin mRNA content in group C+L increased by 200% compared with that of group C, and beta-tubulin increased by 100% (as well as the mRNA content of tubulin-binding proteins Ckap5, Tcp1, Cct5 and Cct7). In addition, desmin mRNA content remained unchanged in all of the experimental groups. As a result of the lecithin injections, there was a redistribution of the mRNA content of genes encoding actin monomer-and filament-binding proteins in the direction of increasing actin polymerization and filament stability; the mRNA content of Arpc3 and Lcp1 increased by 3- and 5-fold, respectively, but the levels of Tmod1 and Svil decreased by 2- and 5-fold, respectively. However, gravitational disuse did not result in changes in the mRNA content of Arpc3, Tmod1, Svil or Lcp1. Antiorthostatic suspension for 6 hours resulted in a decrease in the mRNA content of alpha-actinin-4 (Actn4) and alpha-actinin-1 (Actn1) in group HS compared with that of group C by 25% and 30%, respectively, as well as a decrease and increase in the ACTN4 protein content in the membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively. Lecithin injection resulted in an increase in the Actn1 and Actn4 mRNA content in group C+L by 1.5-fold and more than 2-fold, respectively, compared with the levels in group C. Moreover, in group HS+L, the mRNA content did not change in these genes compared with the levels in group C+L, and the ACTN4 protein content in the membrane and cytoplasmic fractions also remained unchanged. Thus, lecithin prevented the reduction of Actn1 and Actn4 mRNA and the migration of ACTN4 from the cortical cytoskeleton to the cytoplasm.